WordNet

(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/04 23:20:48」(JST)

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Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice). This homolog (originally thought to be, and often spoken of as, a single protein) is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it prevents cancer formation, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor.^[2] As such, p53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome" because of its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation.^[3] Hence TP53 is classified as a tumor suppressor gene.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] The name p53 was given in 1979 describing a protein mass of 53 kDa. However recent techniques and sequencing of the human genome have been used to establish that the human TP53 gene encodes not only one, but at least 12 proteins, ranging from 28 to 53 kD. All these p53 proteins are called the p53 isoforms.^[2] The International Cancer Genome Consortium has established that the TP53 gene is the most frequently mutated gene (>50%) in human cancer, indicating that the TP53 gene plays a crucial role in preventing cancer formation.^[2] TP53 gene encodes proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression to prevent mutations of the genome.^[9]

Gene

In humans, the TP53 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p13.1).^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] The gene spans 20 kb, with a non-coding exon 1 and a very long first intron of 10 kb. The coding sequence contains five regions showing a high degree of conservation in vertebrates, predominantly in exons 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8, but the sequences found in invertebrates show only distant resemblance to mammalian TP53.^[10] TP53 orthologs^[11] have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available.

In humans, a common polymorphism involves the substitution of an arginine for a proline at codon position 72. Many studies have investigated a genetic link between this variation and cancer susceptibility; however, the results have been controversial. For instance, a meta-analysis from 2009 failed to show a link for cervical cancer.^[12] A 2011 study found that the TP53 proline mutation did have a profound effect on pancreatic cancer risk among males.^[13] A study of Arab women found that proline homozygosity at TP53 codon 72 is associated with a decreased risk for breast cancer.^[14] One study suggested that TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms, MDM2 SNP309, and A2164G may collectively be associated with non-oropharyngeal cancer susceptibility and that MDM2 SNP309 in combination with TP53 codon 72 may accelerate the development of non-oropharyngeal cancer in women.^[15] A 2011 study found that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.^[16]

Meta-analyses from 2011 found no significant associations between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and both colorectal cancer risk^[17] and endometrial cancer risk.^[18] A 2011 study of a Brazilian birth cohort found an association between the non mutant arginine TP53 and individuals without a family history of cancer.^[19] Another 2011 study found that the p53 homozygous (Pro/Pro) genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for renal cell carcinoma.^[20]

(Italics are used to denote the TP53 gene name and distinguish it from the protein it encodes.)

Structure

A schematic of the known protein domains in p53. (NLS = Nuclear Localization Signal).

Crystal structure of four p53 DNA binding domains (as found in the bioactive homo-tetramer) attand has seven domains:

an acidic N-terminus transcription-activation domain (TAD), also known as activation domain 1 (AD1), which activates transcription factors: residues 1-42. The N-terminus contains two complementary transcriptional activation domains, with a major one at residues 1–42 and a minor one at residues 55–75, specifically involved in the regulation of several pro-apoptotic genes.^[21]
activation domain 2 (AD2) important for apoptotic activity: residues 43-63.
Proline rich domain important for the apoptotic activity of p53 by nuclear exportation via MAPK: residues 64-92.
central DNA-binding core domain (DBD). Contains one zinc atom and several arginine amino acids: residues 102-292. This region is responsible for binding the p53 co-repressor LMO3.^[22]
nuclear localization signaling domain, residues 316-325.
homo-oligomerisation domain (OD): residues 307-355. Tetramerization is essential for the activity of p53 in vivo.
C-terminal involved in downregulation of DNA binding of the central domain: residues 356-393.^[23]

A tandem of nine-amino-acid transactivation domains (9aaTAD) was identified in the AD1 and AD2 regions of transcription factor p53.^[24] KO mutations and position for p53 interaction with TFIID are listed below:^[25]

9aaTADs mediate p53 interaction with general coactivators – TAF9, CBP/p300 (all four domains KIX, TAZ1, TAZ2 and IBiD), GCN5 and PC4, regulatory protein MDM2 and replication protein A (RPA).^[26]^[27]

Mutations that deactivate p53 in cancer usually occur in the DBD. Most of these mutations destroy the ability of the protein to bind to its target DNA sequences, and thus prevents transcriptional activation of these genes. As such, mutations in the DBD are recessive loss-of-function mutations. Molecules of p53 with mutations in the OD dimerise with wild-type p53, and prevent them from activating transcription. Therefore OD mutations have a dominant negative effect on the function of p53.

Wild-type p53 is a labile protein, comprising folded and unstructured regions that function in a synergistic manner.^[28]

Function

p53 has many mechanisms of anticancer function, and plays a role in apoptosis, genomic stability, and inhibition of angiogenesis. In its anti-cancer role, p53 works through several mechanisms:

It can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage. Thus, it may be an important factor in aging.^[29]
It can arrest growth by holding the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition (if it holds the cell here for long enough, the DNA repair proteins will have time to fix the damage and the cell will be allowed to continue the cell cycle).
It can initiate apoptosis – programmed cell death – if DNA damage proves to be irreparable.

p53 pathway: In a normal cell p53 is inactivated by its negative regulator, mdm2. Upon DNA damage or other stresses, various pathways will lead to the dissociation of the p53 and mdm2 complex. Once activated, p53 will induce a cell cycle arrest to allow either repair and survival of the cell or apoptosis to discard the damaged cell. How p53 makes this choice is currently unknown.

Activated p53 binds DNA and activates expression of several genes including microRNA miR-34a,^[30] WAF1/CIP1 encoding for p21 and hundreds of other down-stream genes. p21 (WAF1) binds to the G1-S/CDK (CDK4/CDK6, CDK2, and CDK1) complexes (molecules important for the G1/S transition in the cell cycle) inhibiting their activity.

When p21(WAF1) is complexed with CDK2 the cell cannot continue to the next stage of cell division. A mutant p53 will no longer bind DNA in an effective way, and, as a consequence, the p21 protein will not be available to act as the "stop signal" for cell division.^[31] Studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) commonly describe the nonfunctional p53-p21 axis of the G1/S checkpoint pathway with subsequent relevance for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response (DDR). Importantly, p21 mRNA is clearly present and upregulated after the DDR in hESCs, but p21 protein is not detectable. In this cell type, p53 activates numerous microRNAs (like miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c, and miR-302d) that directly inhibit the p21 expression in hESCs.^[32]

Recent research has also linked the p53 and RB1 pathways, via p14ARF, raising the possibility that the pathways may regulate each other.^[33]

p53 by regulating LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans.^[34]

p53 expression can be stimulated by UV light, which also causes DNA damage. In this case, p53 can initiate events leading to tanning.^[35]^[36]

Regulation

p53 becomes activated in response to myriad stressors, including but not limited to DNA damage (induced by either UV, IR, or chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide), oxidative stress,^[37] osmotic shock, ribonucleotide depletion, and deregulated oncogene expression. This activation is marked by two major events. First, the half-life of the p53 protein is increased drastically, leading to a quick accumulation of p53 in stressed cells. Second, a conformational change forces p53 to be activated as a transcription regulator in these cells. The critical event leading to the activation of p53 is the phosphorylation of its N-terminal domain. The N-terminal transcriptional activation domain contains a large number of phosphorylation sites and can be considered as the primary target for protein kinases transducing stress signals.

The protein kinases that are known to target this transcriptional activation domain of p53 can be roughly divided into two groups. A first group of protein kinases belongs to the MAPK family (JNK1-3, ERK1-2, p38 MAPK), which is known to respond to several types of stress, such as membrane damage, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, heat shock, etc. A second group of protein kinases (ATR, ATM, CHK1 and CHK2, DNA-PK, CAK, TP53RK) is implicated in the genome integrity checkpoint, a molecular cascade that detects and responds to several forms of DNA damage caused by genotoxic stress. Oncogenes also stimulate p53 activation, mediated by the protein p14ARF.

In unstressed cells, p53 levels are kept low through a continuous degradation of p53. A protein called Mdm2 (also called HDM2 in humans), which is itself a product of p53, binds to p53, preventing its action and transports it from the nucleus to the cytosol. Also Mdm2 acts as ubiquitin ligase and covalently attaches ubiquitin to p53 and thus marks p53 for degradation by the proteasome. However, ubiquitylation of p53 is reversible.

The novel molecule MI-63 binds to MDM2 making the action of p53 again possible in situations were p53's function has become inhibited.^[38]

A ubiquitin specific protease, USP7 (or HAUSP), can cleave ubiquitin off p53, thereby protecting it from proteasome-dependent degradation. This is one means by which p53 is stabilized in response to oncogenic insults. USP42 has also been shown to deubiquitinate p53 and may be required for the ability of p53 to respond to stress.^[39]

Recent research has shown that HAUSP is mainly localized in the nucleus, though a fraction of it can be found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Overexpression of HAUSP results in p53 stabilization. However, depletion of HAUSP does not result to a decrease in p53 levels but rather increases p53 levels due to the fact that HAUSP binds and deubiquitinates Mdm2. It has been shown that HAUSP is a better binding partner to Mdm2 than p53 in unstressed cells.

USP10 however has been shown to be located in the cytoplasm in unstressed cells and deubiquitinates cyptoplasmic p53, reversing Mdm2 ubiquitination. Following DNA damage, USP10 translocates to the nucleus and contributes to p53 stability. Also USP10 does not interact with Mdm2.^[40]

Phosphorylation of the N-terminal end of p53 by the above-mentioned protein kinases disrupts Mdm2-binding. Other proteins, such as Pin1, are then recruited to p53 and induce a conformational change in p53, which prevents Mdm2-binding even more. Phosphorylation also allows for binding of transcriptional coactivators, like p300 and PCAF, which then acetylate the carboxy-terminal end of p53, exposing the DNA binding domain of p53, allowing it to activate or repress specific genes. Deacetylase enzymes, such as Sirt1 and Sirt7, can deacetylate p53, leading to an inhibition of apoptosis.^[41] Some oncogenes can also stimulate the transcription of proteins that bind to MDM2 and inhibit its activity.

Role in disease

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

A micrograph showing cells with abnormal p53 expression (brown) in a brain tumor. p53 immunostain.

If the TP53 gene is damaged, tumor suppression is severely compromised. People who inherit only one functional copy of the TP53 gene will most likely develop tumors in early adulthood, a disorder known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

The TP53 gene can also be modified by mutagens (chemicals, radiation, or viruses), increasing the likelihood for uncontrolled cell division. More than 50 percent of human tumors contain a mutation or deletion of the TP53 gene.^[42] Loss of p53 creates genomic instability that most often results in an aneuploidy phenotype.^[43]

Increasing the amount of p53 may seem a solution for treatment of tumors or prevention of their spreading. This, however, is not a usable method of treatment, since it can cause premature aging.^[44] Restoring endogenous normal p53 function holds some promise. Research has showed that this restoration can lead to regression of certain cancer cells without damaging other cells in the process. The ways by which tumor regression occurs depends mainly on the tumor type. For example, restoration of endogenous p53 function in lymphomas may induce apoptosis, while cell growth may be reduced to normal levels. Thus, pharmacological reactivation of p53 presents itself as a viable cancer treatment option.^[45]^[45]^[46] The first commercial gene therapy, Gendicine, was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It delivers a functional copy of the p53 gene using an engineered adenovirus.^[47]

Certain pathogens can also affect the p53 protein that the TP53 gene expresses. One such example, human papillomavirus (HPV), encodes a protein, E6, which binds to the p53 protein and inactivates it. This mechanism, in synergy with the inactivation of the cell cycle regulator pRb by the HPV protein E7, allows for repeated cell division manifested clinically as warts. Certain HPV types, in particular types 16 and 18, can also lead to progression from a benign wart to low or high-grade cervical dysplasia, which are reversible forms of precancerous lesions. Persistent infection of the cervix over the years can cause irreversible changes leading to carcinoma in situ and eventually invasive cervical cancer. This results from the effects of HPV genes, particularly those encoding E6 and E7, which are the two viral oncoproteins that are preferentially retained and expressed in cervical cancers by integration of the viral DNA into the host genome.^[48]

The p53 protein is continually produced and degraded in cells of healthy people, resulting in damped oscillation. The degradation of the p53 protein is associated with binding of MDM2. In a negative feedback loop, MDM2 itself is induced by the p53 protein. Mutant p53 proteins often fail to induce MDM2, causing p53 to accumulate at very high levels. Moreover, the mutant p53 protein itself can inhibit normal p53 protein levels. In some cases, single missense mutations in p53 have been shown to disrupt p53 stability and function.^[49]

Experimental analysis of p53 mutations

Most p53 mutations are detected by DNA sequencing. However, it is known that single missense mutations can have a large spectrum from rather mild to very severe functional affects.^[49]

The large spectrum of cancer phenotypes due to mutations in the TP53 gene is also supported by the fact that different isoforms of p53 proteins have different cellular mechanisms for prevention against cancer. Mutations in TP53 can give rise to different isoforms, preventing their overall functionality in different cellular mechanisms and thereby extending the cancer phenotype from mild to severe. Recents studies show that p53 isoforms are differentially expressed in different human tissues, and the loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations within the isoforms can cause tissue-specific cancer or provides cancer stem cell potential in different tissues.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]

The dynamics of p53 proteins, along with its antagonist Mdm2, indicate that the levels of p53, in units of concentration, oscillate as a function of time. This "damped" oscillation is both clinically documented ^[54] and mathematically modelled.^[55]^[56] Mathematical models also indicate that the p53 concentration oscillates much faster once teratogens, such as double-stranded breaks (DSB) or UV radiation, are introduced to the system. This supports and models the current understanding of p53 dynamics, where DNA damage induces p53 activation (see p53 regulation for more information). Current models can also be useful for modelling the mutations in p53 isoforms and their effects on p53 oscillation, thereby promoting de novo tissue-specific pharmacological drug discovery.

Discovery

p53 was identified in 1979 by Lionel Crawford, David P. Lane, Arnold Levine, and Lloyd Old, working at Imperial Cancer Research Fund (UK) Princeton University/UMDNJ (Cancer Institute of New Jersey), and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, respectively. Independently, by Michel Kress and Pierre May, José A. Melero and Varda Rotter. It had been hypothesized to exist before as the target of the SV40 virus, a strain that induced development of tumors. The TP53 gene from the mouse was first cloned by Peter Chumakov of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1982,^[57] and independently in 1983 by Moshe Oren in collaboration with David Givol (Weizmann Institute of Science).^[58]^[59] The human TP53 gene was cloned in 1984^[4] and the full length clone in 1985.^[60]

It was initially presumed to be an oncogene due to the use of mutated cDNA following purification of tumour cell mRNA. Its character as a tumor suppressor gene was finally revealed in 1989 by Bert Vogelstein at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.^[61]

Warren Maltzman, of the Waksman Institute of Rutgers University first demonstrated that TP53 was responsive to DNA damage in the form of ultraviolet radiation.^[62] In a series of publications in 1991–92, Michael Kastan, Johns Hopkins University, reported that TP53 was a critical part of a signal transduction pathway that helped cells respond to DNA damage.^[63]

In 1993, p53 was voted molecule of the year by Science magazine.^[64]

The p21 protein binds directly to cyclin-CDK complexes that drive forward the cell cycle and inhibits their kinase activity thereby causing cell cycle arrest to allow repair to take place. p21 can also mediate growth arrest associated with differentiation and a more permanent growth arrest associated with cellular senescence. The p21 gene contains several p53 response elements that mediate direct binding of the p53 protein, resulting in transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the p21 protein.

Isoforms

As 95% of human genes, TP53 encodes more than one protein. In 2005 several isoforms were discovered and until now, 12 human p53 isoforms were identified (p53α, p53β, p53γ, ∆40p53α, ∆40p53β, ∆40p53γ, ∆133p53α, ∆133p53β, ∆133p53γ, ∆160p53α, ∆160p53β, ∆160p53γ). Furthermore p53 isoforms are expressed in a tissue dependent manner and p53α is never expressed alone.^[8]

The full length p53 isoform proteins can be subdivided into different protein domains. Starting from the N-terminus, there are first the amino-terminal transactivation domains (TAD 1, TAD 2), which are needed to induce a subset of p53 target genes. This domain is followed by the Prolin rich domain (PXXP), whereby the motif PXXP is repeated (P is a Prolin and X can be any amino acid). It is required among others for p53 mediated apoptosis.^[65] Some isoforms lack the Proline rich domain, such as Δ133p53β,γ and Δ160p53α,β,γ; hence some isoforms of p53 are not mediating apoptosis, emphasizing the diversifying roles of the TP53 gene.^[66] Afterwards there is the DNA binding domain (DBD), which enables the proteins to sequence specific binding. The carboxyl terminal domain completes the protein. It includes the nuclear localization signal (NLS), the nuclear export signal (NES) and the oligomerisation domain (OD). The NLS and NES are responsible for the subcellular regulation of p53. Through the OD, p53 can form a tetramer and though bind to DNA. Among the isoforms, some domains can be missing, but all of them share most of the highly conserved DNA-binding domain.

The isoforms are formed by different mechanisms. The beta and the gamma isoforms are generated by multiple splicing of intron 9, which leads to a different C-terminus. Furthermore, the usage of an internal promoter in intron 4 causes the ∆133 and ∆160 isoforms, which leak the TAD domain and a part of the DBD. Moreover, alternative initiation of translation at codon 40 or 160 bear the ∆40p53 and ∆160p53 isoforms.^[8]

Due to the isoformic nature of p53 proteins, there has been several evidences showing that mutations within the TP53 gene giving rise to mutated isoforms are causative agents of various cancer phenotypes, from mild to severe, due to single mutation in the TP53 gene (refer to section Experimental Analysis of p53 mutations for more details).

Interactions

p53 has been shown to interact with:

AIMP2,^[67]
ANKRD2,^[68]
APTX,^[69]
ATM,^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]
ATR,^[70]^[71]
ATF3,^[75]^[76]
AURKA,^[77]
BAK1,^[78]
BARD1,^[79]
BLM,^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]
BRCA1,^[79]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]
BRCA2,^[79]^[88]
BRCC3,^[79]
BRE,^[79]
CEBPZ,^[89]
CDC14A,^[90]
Cdk1,^[91]^[92]
CFLAR,^[93]
CHEK1,^[80]^[94]^[95]
CCNG1,^[96]
CREBBP,^[97]^[98]^[99]
CREB1,^[99]
Cyclin H,^[100]
CDK7,^[100]^[101]
DNA-PKcs,^[71]^[94]^[102]
E4F1,^[103]^[104]
EFEMP2,^[105]
EIF2AK2,^[106]
ELL,^[107]
EP300,^[98]^[108]^[109]^[110]
ERCC6,^[111]^[112]
GNL3,^[113]
GPS2,^[114]
GSK3B,^[115]
HSP90AA1,^[116]^[117]^[118]
HIF1A,^[119]^[120]^[121]^[122]
HIPK1,^[123]
HIPK2,^[124]^[125]
HMGB1,^[126]^[127]
HSPA9,^[128]
Huntingtin,^[129]
ING1,^[130]^[131]
ING4,^[132]^[133]
ING5,^[132]
IκBα,^[134]
KPNB1,^[116]
LMO3,^[22]
Mdm2,^[97]^[135]^[136]^[137]
MDM4,^[138]^[139]
MED1,^[140]^[141]
MAPK9,^[142]^[143]
MNAT1,^[101]
NDN,^[144]
NCL,^[145]
NUMB,^[146]
NF-κB,^[147]
P16,^[103]^[137]^[148]
PARC,^[149]
PARP1,^[69]^[150]
PIAS1,^[105]^[151]
CDC14B,^[90]
PIN1,^[152]^[153]
PLAGL1,^[154]
PLK3,^[155]^[156]
PRKRA,^[157]
PHB,^[158]
PML,^[135]^[159]^[160]
PSME3,^[161]
PTEN,^[136]
PTK2,^[162]
PTTG1,^[163]
RAD51,^[79]^[164]^[165]
RCHY1,^[166]^[167]
RELA,^[147]
Reprimo
RPA1,^[168]^[169]
RPL11,^[148]
S100B,^[170]
SUMO1,^[171]^[172]
SMARCA4,^[173]
SMARCB1,^[173]
SMN1,^[174]
STAT3,^[147]
TBP,^[175]^[176]
TFAP2A,^[177]
TFDP1,^[178]
TIGAR,^[179]
TOP1,^[180]^[181]
TOP2A,^[182]
TP53BP1,^[80]^[183]^[184]^[185]^[186]^[187]^[188]
TP53BP2,^[188]^[189]
TOP2B,^[182]
TP53INP1,^[190]^[191]
TSG101,^[192]
UBE2A,^[193]
UBE2I,^[105]^[171]^[194]^[195]
UBC,^[67]^[161]^[172]^[196]^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200]
USP7,^[201]
WRN,^[83]^[202]
WWOX,^[203]
XPB,^[111]
YBX1,^[68]^[204]
YPEL3,^[205]
YWHAZ,^[206]
Zif268,^[207] and
ZNF148.^[208]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

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File:FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601.png

Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

References

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^ Read, A. P.; Strachan, T.. Human molecular genetics 2. New York: Wiley; 1999. ISBN 0-471-33061-2. Chapter 18: Cancer Genetics.
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^ ^a ^b McBride OW, Merry D, Givol D (1986). "The gene for human p53 cellular tumor antigen is located on chromosome 17 short arm (17p13)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 130–134. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.130. PMC 322805. PMID 3001719.
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^ May P, May E (1999). "Twenty years of p53 research: structural and functional aspects of the p53 protein". Oncogene 18 (53): 7621–36. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203285. PMID 10618702.
^ OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: TP53 coding sequence.
^ Klug SJ, Ressing M, Koenig J, Abba MC, Agoras VM, Sengupta S et al. (2009). "TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of individual data from 49 studies". Lancet Oncology 10 (2): 772–784. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70187-1. PMID 19625214.
^ Sonoyama T, Sakai A, Mita Y, Yasuda Y, Kawamoto H, Yagi T et al. (2011). "TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with pancreatic cancer risk in males, smokers and drinkers". Mol Med Report 4 (3): 489–95. doi:10.3892/mmr.2011.449. PMID 21468597.
^ Alawadi S, Ghabreau L, Alsaleh M, Abdulaziz Z, Rafeek M, Akil N et al. (2011). "P53 gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Arab women". Med. Oncol. 28 (3): 709–15. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9505-4. PMID 20443084.
^ Yu H, Huang YJ, Liu Z, Wang LE, Li G, Sturgis EM et al. (2011). "Effects of MDM2 promoter polymorphisms and p53 codon 72 polymorphism on risk and age at onset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck". Mol. Carcinog. 50 (9): 697–706. doi:10.1002/mc.20806. PMC 3142329. PMID 21656578.
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^ Wang JJ, Zheng Y, Sun L, Wang L, Yu PB, Dong JH et al. (2011). "TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and colorectal cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis". Mol. Biol. Rep. 38 (8): 4847–53. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-0619-8. PMID 21140221.
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^ Brosh RM, Karmakar P, Sommers JA, Yang Q, Wang XW, Spillare EA et al. (Sep 2001). "p53 Modulates the exonuclease activity of Werner syndrome protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (37): 35093–102. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103332200. PMID 11427532.
^ Chang NS, Pratt N, Heath J, Schultz L, Sleve D, Carey GB et al. (Feb 2001). "Hyaluronidase induction of a WW domain-containing oxidoreductase that enhances tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (5): 3361–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007140200. PMID 11058590.
^ Okamoto T, Izumi H, Imamura T, Takano H, Ise T, Uchiumi T et al. (Dec 2000). "Direct interaction of p53 with the Y-box binding protein, YB-1: a mechanism for regulation of human gene expression". Oncogene 19 (54): 6194–202. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204029. PMID 11175333.
^ Kelley KD, Miller KR, Todd A, Kelley AR, Tuttle R, Berberich SJ (May 2010). "YPEL3, a p53-regulated gene that induces cellular senescence". Cancer Research 70 (9): 3566–75. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3219. PMC 2862112. PMID 20388804.
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^ Liu J, Grogan L, Nau MM, Allegra CJ, Chu E, Wright JJ (Apr 2001). "Physical interaction between p53 and primary response gene Egr-1". International Journal of Oncology 18 (4): 863–70. doi:10.3892/ijo.18.4.863. PMID 11251186.
^ Bai L, Merchant JL (Jul 2001). "ZBP-89 promotes growth arrest through stabilization of p53". Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 (14): 4670–83. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.14.4670-4683.2001. PMC 87140. PMID 11416144.

External links

Lane Group at the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore. p53 Knowledgebase [Retrieved 2008-04-06].
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
TUMOR PROTEIN p53 @ OMIM
p53 restoration of function
p53 @ The Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
TP53 Gene @ GeneCards
p53 News provided by insciences organisation
David S. Goodsell. RCSB Protein Data Bank. p53 Tumor Suppressor; 2002-07-01 [Retrieved 2008-04-06].
Thierry Soussi. p53 Web Site [Retrieved 2008-04-06].
The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust A support group from the UK for sufferers of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome or other TP53-related disorders
IARC TP53 Somatic Mutations database maintained at IARC, Lyon, by Magali Olivier

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 大腸癌の分子遺伝学 molecular genetics of colorectal cancer
2. リ・フラウメニ症候群 li fraumeni syndrome
3. 炎症性乳癌：病理および分子学的病因 inflammatory breast cancer pathology and molecular pathogenesis
4. 軟部および骨肉腫の病原因子 pathogenetic factors in soft tissue and bone sarcomas
5. 頭頸部の扁平上皮癌化：分子学的および遺伝学的変化 head and neck squamous cell carcinogenesis molecular and genetic alterations

English Journal

Hsp90-targeted miRNA-liposomal formulation for systemic antitumor effect.

Pore SK, Choudhary A, Rathore B, Ganguly A, Sujitha P, Ganesh Kumar C, Agawane SB, Kumar JM, Scaria V, Pillai B, Banerjee R.SourceDivision of Lipid Science & Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Sep;34(28):6804-17. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.054. Epub 2013 Jun 14.
Chaperone protein Hsp90 maintains functional integrity and maturation of a large number of cellular proteins including transcription factors, kinases, etc. It is often over-expressed in cancer cells for simultaneous maintenance of many non-regulated and/or genetically mutated proteins. Small molecul
PMID 23773821

Immunohistochemical expression and mutation study of Prohibitin gene in Indian female breast cancer cases.

Najm MZ, Zaidi S, Siddiqui WA, Husain SA.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, biotechzeeshan@gmail.com.
Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England).Med Oncol.2013 Sep;30(3):614. doi: 10.1007/s12032-013-0614-8. Epub 2013 May 29.
Prohibitin (PHB1) is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein. It is mapped to the chromosome 17q12-q21 locus, a region that has been reported to be genetically linked to early onset of breast cancer. Therefore, we carried out the population-based study in a total of 105 Indian female bre
PMID 23715748

Japanese Journal

TRIM29 negatively regulates p53 via inhibition of Tip60

Sho Takuya,Tsukiyama Tadasuke,Sato Tomonobu,Kondo Takeshi,Cheng Jun,Saku Takashi,Asaka Masahiro,Hatakeyama Shigetsugu
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) : Molecular Cell Research 1813(6), 1245-1253, 2011-06
… Ataxia-telangiectasia group D (ATDC) was initially described as a gene related to AT. … Overexpression of TRIM29 promoted degradation and changed localization of Tip60 and reduced acetylation of p53 at lysine 120 by Tip60, resulting in enhancement of cell growth and transforming activity. …
NAID 80021797059

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「TP53 gene」
関連記事	「p53」「p」

「TP53 gene」

Tumor protein p53
	; PDB rendering based on 1TUP: P53 complexed with DNA
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A1U, 1AIE, 1C26, 1DT7, 1GZH, 1H26, 1HS5, 1JSP, 1KZY, 1MA3, 1OLG, 1OLH, 1PES, 1PET, 1SAE, 1SAF, 1SAK, 1SAL, 1TSR, 1TUP, 1UOL, 1XQH, 1YC5, 1YCQ, 1YCR, 1YCS, 2AC0, 2ADY, 2AHI, 2ATA, 2B3G, 2BIM, 2BIN, 2BIO, 2BIP, 2BIQ, 2F1X, 2FEJ, 2FOJ, 2FOO, 2GS0, 2H1L, 2H2D, 2H2F, 2H4F, 2H4H, 2H4J, 2H59, 2J0Z, 2J10, 2J11, 2J1W, 2J1X, 2J1Y, 2J1Z, 2J20, 2J21, 2K8F, 2L14, 2LY4, 2MEJ, 2OCJ, 2PCX, 2VUK, 2WGX, 2X0U, 2X0V, 2X0W, 2XWR, 2YBG, 2YDR, 2Z5S, 2Z5T, 3D05, 3D06, 3D07, 3D08, 3D09, 3D0A, 3DAB, 3DAC, 3IGK, 3IGL, 3KMD, 3KZ8, 3LW1, 3OQ5, 3PDH, 3Q01, 3Q05, 3Q06, 3SAK, 3TG5, 3TS8, 3ZME, 4AGL, 4AGM, 4AGN, 4AGO, 4AGP, 4AGQ, 4BUZ, 4BV2, 4HFZ, 4HJE, 4IBQ, 4IBS, 4IBT, 4IBU, 4IBV, 4IBW, 4IBY, 4IBZ, 4IJT, 4KVP, 4LO9, 4LOE, 4LOF, 4MZI, 4MZR
Identifiers
Symbols	TP53 ; BCC7; LFS1; P53; TRP53
External IDs	OMIM: 191170 MGI: 98834 HomoloGene: 460 ChEMBL: 4096 GeneCards: TP53 Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding; • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription; • RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding; • RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription; • protease binding; • p53 binding; • DNA binding; • chromatin binding; • damaged DNA binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • copper ion binding; • protein binding; • ATP binding; • transcription factor binding; • zinc ion binding; • enzyme binding; • protein kinase binding; • protein phosphatase binding; • receptor tyrosine kinase binding; • ubiquitin protein ligase binding; • histone deacetylase regulator activity; • histone acetyltransferase binding; • identical protein binding; • transcription regulatory region DNA binding; • protein heterodimerization activity; • protein N-terminus binding; • chaperone binding; • protein phosphatase 2A binding; • MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding;
Cellular component	• chromatin; • nuclear chromatin; • nucleus; • nucleoplasm; • replication fork; • transcription factor TFIID complex; • nucleolus; • cytoplasm; • mitochondrion; • mitochondrial matrix; • endoplasmic reticulum; • cytosol; • nuclear matrix; • nuclear body; • PML body; • protein complex;
Biological process	• protein import into nucleus, translocation; • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • DNA strand renaturation; • in utero embryonic development; • somitogenesis; • release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; • T cell proliferation involved in immune response; • B cell lineage commitment; • T cell lineage commitment; • response to ischemia; • base-excision repair; • nucleotide-excision repair; • double-strand break repair; • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • protein complex assembly; • apoptotic process; • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus; • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest; • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator; • ER overload response; • cell cycle arrest; • transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; • Notch signaling pathway; • Ras protein signal transduction; • multicellular organismal development; • gastrulation; • negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation; • central nervous system development; • cell aging; • blood coagulation; • protein localization; • negative regulation of DNA replication; • cell proliferation; • negative regulation of cell proliferation; • determination of adult lifespan; • rRNA transcription; • response to salt stress; • response to X-ray; • response to gamma radiation; • positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process; • viral process; • cell differentiation; • negative regulation of cell growth; • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator; • negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of histone deacetylation; • chromatin assembly; • mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint; • positive regulation of protein oligomerization; • T cell differentiation in thymus; • regulation of tissue remodeling; • cellular protein localization; • cellular response to UV; • multicellular organism growth; • cellular response to drug; • cellular response to glucose starvation; • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator; • regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • response to antibiotic; • regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability; • negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation; • embryonic organ development; • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; • negative regulation of helicase activity; • protein tetramerization; • neuron apoptotic process; • positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process; • positive regulation of cell cycle arrest; • cellular response to hypoxia; • cellular response to ionizing radiation; • mitotic cell cycle arrest; • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator; • positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria; • positive regulation of cell aging; • replicative senescence; • oxidative stress-induced premature senescence; • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; • oligodendrocyte apoptotic process; • positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway; • negative regulation of macromitophagy; • regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process; • negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; • positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; • positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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　　[★]

TP53遺伝子

関: p53 gene

「p53」

　　[★]

同: (遺伝子)p53 gene p53遺伝子; (蛋白質)p53 protein p53蛋白質

p53遺伝子

癌抑制遺伝子

MDM2はp53と結合して安定化し、ユビキチン化を介してP53の分解に導く
活性化ATM(DNA損傷などが引き金となる)はp53をリン酸化する
リン酸化されたp53は次の経路を活性化する

→Bax→アポトーシス

→p21^WAP1/CII1→細胞周期停止

→GADD45

---

p53(蛋白質)=

「p」

　　[★]

ピコ

10の-12乗

関: pico

[WikiPathways-209] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".

[pmid8023157-1] Cho Y, Gorina S, Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP (1994). "Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: understanding tumorigenic mutations". Science 265 (5170): 346–55. doi:10.1126/science.8023157. PMID 8023157.

[Surget-2] Surget S, Khoury MP, Bourdon JC (19 December 2013). "Uncovering the role of p53 splice variants in human malignancy: a clinical perspective". OncoTargets and Therapy 7: 57–68. doi:10.2147/OTT.S53876. PMID 24379683.

[isbn0-471-33061-2-3] Read, A. P.; Strachan, T.. Human molecular genetics 2. New York: Wiley; 1999. ISBN 0-471-33061-2. Chapter 18: Cancer Genetics.

[pmid6396087-4] Matlashewski G, Lamb P, Pim D, Peacock J, Crawford L, Benchimol S (1984). "Isolation and characterization of a human p53 cDNA clone: expression of the human p53 gene". EMBO J. 3 (13): 3257–62. PMC 557846. PMID 6396087.

[pmid3456488-5] Isobe M, Emanuel BS, Givol D, Oren M, Croce CM (1986). "Localization of gene for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13". Nature 320 (6057): 84–5. doi:10.1038/320084a0. PMID 3456488.

[pmid2047879-6] Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, Jarosz D, Friedman P, Prives C et al. (1991). "Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein". Science 252 (5013): 1708–11. doi:10.1126/science.2047879. PMID 2047879.

[pmid_3001719-7] McBride OW, Merry D, Givol D (1986). "The gene for human p53 cellular tumor antigen is located on chromosome 17 short arm (17p13)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 130–134. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.130. PMC 322805. PMID 3001719.

[Bourdon-8] Bourdon JC, Fernandes K, Murray-Zmijewski F, Liu G, Diot A, Xirodimas DP et al. (Sep 2005). "p53 isoforms can regulate p53 transcriptional activity". Genes & Development 19 (18): 2122–37. doi:10.1101/gad.1339905. PMID 16131611.

[9] Lane, edited by Arnold J. Levine, David P. (2010). The p53 family : a subject collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in biology. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-830-0.

[pmid10618702-10] May P, May E (1999). "Twenty years of p53 research: structural and functional aspects of the p53 protein". Oncogene 18 (53): 7621–36. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203285. PMID 10618702.

[OrthoMaM-11] OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: TP53 coding sequence.

[pmid19625214-12] Klug SJ, Ressing M, Koenig J, Abba MC, Agoras VM, Sengupta S et al. (2009). "TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and cervical cancer: a pooled analysis of individual data from 49 studies". Lancet Oncology 10 (2): 772–784. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70187-1. PMID 19625214.

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[pmid20552298-18] Jiang DK, Yao L, Ren WH, Wang WZ, Peng B, Yu L (2011). "TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis". Med. Oncol. 28 (4): 1129–35. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9597-x. PMID 20552298.

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[pmid9707426-21] Venot C, Maratrat M, Dureuil C, Conseiller E, Bracco L, Debussche L (1998). "The requirement for the p53 proline-rich functional domain for mediation of apoptosis is correlated with specific PIG3 gene transactivation and with transcriptional repression". EMBO J. 17 (16): 4668–79. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.16.4668. PMC 1170796. PMID 9707426.

[Larsen_S.2C_Yokochi_T.2C_Isogai_E.2C_Nakamura_Y.2C_Ozaki_T.2C_Nakagawara_A_2010_252.E2.80.937-22] Larsen S, Yokochi T, Isogai E, Nakamura Y, Ozaki T, Nakagawara A (2010). "LMO3 interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 392 (3): 252–7. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.010. PMID 19995558.

[pmid15713654-23] Harms KL, Chen X (2005). "The C Terminus of p53 Family Proteins Is a Cell Fate Determinant". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (5): 2014–30. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.5.2014-2030.2005. PMC 549381. PMID 15713654.

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[p53_domains-25] Uesugi M, Nyanguile O, Lu H, Levine AJ, Verdine GL (1997). "Induced alpha helix in the VP16 activation domain upon binding to a human TAFf". Science 277 (5330): 1310–3. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1310. PMID 9271577. ; Uesugi M, Verdine GL (1999). "The α-helical FXXΦΦ motif in p53: TAF interaction and discrimination by MDM2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (26): 14801–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.14801. PMC 24728. PMID 10611293. ; Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (2000). "Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912. PMID 10821850. ; Venot C, Maratrat M, Sierra V, Conseiller E, Debussche L (1999). "Definition of a p53 transactivation function-deficient mutant and characterization of two independent p53 transactivation subdomains". Oncogene 18 (14): 2405–10. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202539. PMID 10327062. ; Lin J, Chen J, Elenbaas B, Levine AJ (1994). "Several hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 amino-terminal domain are required for transcriptional activation, binding to mdm-2 and the adenovirus 5 E1B 55-kD protein". Genes Dev. 8 (10): 1235–46. doi:10.1101/gad.8.10.1235. PMID 7926727.

[26] Piskacek S, Gregor M, Nemethova M, Grabner M, Kovarik P, Piskacek M (2007). "Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain: establishment and prediction utilities". Genomics 89 (6): 756–68. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.02.003. PMID 17467953. ; Piskacek M (2009). "9aaTAD is a common transactivation domain recruits multiple general coactivators TAF9, MED15, CBP/p300 and GCN5". Nature Precedings Pre-publication. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3488.2. ; Piskacek M (2009). "9aaTADs mimic DNA to interact with a pseudo-DNA Binding Domain KIX of Med15 (Molecular Chameleons)". Nature Precedings Pre-publication. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3939.1. ; Piskacek M (2009). "9aaTAD Prediction result (2006)". Nature Precedings Pre-publication. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3984.1.

[27] The prediction for 9aaTADs (for both acidic and hydrophilic transactivation domains) is available online from ExPASy http://us.expasy.org/tools/ and EMBnet Spain http://www.es.embnet.org/Services/EMBnetAT/htdoc/9aatad/

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[29] Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology, 10th ed. Sunderland, MA USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. p. 588.

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p53 gene