WordNet

impregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen; "oxygenate blood" (同)oxygenize, oxygenise, aerate
the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen; "the oxygenation of the blood"
remove oxygen from (water)

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…‘に'酸素を与える,‘を'酸素で処理する
酸素で処理すること

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/07 10:59:16」(JST)

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Oxygenated chemical compounds contain oxygen as a part of their chemical structure. The term usually refers to oxygenated fuels. Oxygenates are usually employed as gasoline additives to reduce carbon monoxide and soot that is created during the burning of the fuel. Compounds related to soot, like polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs, are reduced also.^[1]

The oxygenates commonly used are either alcohols or ethers:

Alcohols:
- Methanol (MeOH)
- Ethanol (EtOH)
- Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
- n-butanol (BuOH)
- Gasoline grade t-butanol (GTBA)
Ethers:
- Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
- Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME)
- Tertiary hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
- Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE)
- Tertiary amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
- Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. In addition to this North American automakers have in 2006 and 2007 promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's "Live Green, Go Yellow" campaign. U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards give an artificial 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends.^[2] There is also alcohols' intrinsically cleaner combustion, however due to its lower energy density it is not capable of producing as much energy per gallon as gasoline. Much gasoline sold in the United States is blended with up to 10% of an oxygenating agent. This is known as oxygenated fuel and often (but not entirely correctly, as there are reformulated gasolines without oxygenate) as reformulated gasoline. Methyl tert(iary)-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most popular fuel additive in the US, prior to government mandated use of ethanol.

Alcohols' (particularly methanol's) solvent properties cause swelling damage to fuel system materials not designed for alcohols, corrosion of metal, increase water contamination, loosening of deposits causing clogging and destruction of fuel system components. This property was demonstrated with methanol in the 1970s and has reappeared to a slightly lesser degree with ethanol. Most forms of automobile racing that require the use of gasoline as fuel (as opposed to higher-energy blended fuels or straight alcohols) prohibit the use of oxygenate compounds in fuels, as they can allow higher fuel burn than the engine intake restrictions are designed to permit. Prior to the 2007 Daytona 500, for example, NASCAR driver Michael Waltrip and his team were heavily penalized when evidence of an unspecified oxygenate compound was found in the car's intake manifold during inspections.

References

^ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00102200290021353#.Ugwa_6zpx1E
^ "Code of Federal Regulations, title 40, part 600, section 600.510-93". United States Government Printing Office. 1 August 2005.

External links

EFOA
EPA Definition of Oxygenates
USGS Definition of Oxygenates

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における気管挿管の失敗 the failed airway in adults
2. 酸素維持装置 oxygen conserving devices
3. 成人における高度な緊急気道マネージメント advanced emergency airway management in adults
4. 高齢患者における緊急気道マネージメント emergency airway management in the geriatric patient
5. 挿管の判断 the decision to intubate

English Journal

Physicochemical characteristics and desulfurization activity of pyrolusite-blended activated coke.

Yang L1, Jiang X, Huang T, Jiang W.
Environmental technology.Environ Technol.2015 May 18:1-27. [Epub ahead of print]
In this study, a novel activated coke (AC-P) was prepared by blending method using bituminous coal as the raw material and pyrolusite as the catalyst. The physicochemical properties of prepared activated coke were characterized by BET, FTIR, XPS and XRD. The results indicated that the blended pyrolu
PMID 25982809

Cricothyrotomy training increases adherence to the ASA difficult airway algorithm in a simulated crisis: a randomized controlled trial.

You-Ten KE1, Bould MD, Friedman Z, Riem N, Sydor D, Boet S.
Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.Can J Anaesth.2015 May;62(5):485-494. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
PURPOSE: Non-adherence to airway guidelines in a 'cannot intubate-cannot oxygenate' (CICO) crisis situation is associated with adverse patient outcomes. This study investigated the effects of hands-on training in cricothyrotomy on adherence to the American Society of Anesthesiologists difficult airw
PMID 25547068

Evaluation of peritoneal microbubble oxygenation therapy in a rabbit model of hypoxemia.

Legband ND, Feshitan JA, Borden MA, Terry BS.
IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng.2015 May;62(5):1376-82. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2388611. Epub 2015 Jan 6.
Alternative extrapulmonary oxygenation technologies are needed to treat patients suffering from severe hypoxemia refractory to mechanical ventilation. We previously demonstrated that peritoneal microbubble oxygenation (PMO), in which phospholipid-coated oxygen microbubbles (OMBs) are delivered into
PMID 25576562

Indications and results of emergency surgical airways performed by a physician-staffed helicopter emergency service.

Peters J1, Bruijstens L2, van der Ploeg J3, Tan E4, Hoogerwerf N5, Edwards M6.
Injury.Injury.2015 May;46(5):787-90. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.11.024. Epub 2014 Nov 27.
BACKGROUND: Airway management is essential in critically ill or injured patients. In a "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" scenario, an emergency surgical airway (ESA), similar to a cricothyroidotomy, is the final step in airway management. This procedure is infrequently performed in the prehospital o
PMID 25496855

Japanese Journal

複合型曝気循環装置の強制水循環に関する実地調査実験:－浅層の水温躍層破壊過程と循環構造の可視化－

中田亮生,岩松裕二,須山史昭,山岸真孝,細木佑索
可視化情報学会論文集 35(5), 7-15, 2015
京都府内の日吉ダムでは、貯水池深層への酸素供給と浅層の水温躍層解消のため、複合型の曝気循環装置が導入され、2011年８月、その装置による水温躍層の解消効果を確認する実地調査実験が実施された。実験では、曝気循環装置の近傍で、水温と流れの分布が高い空間・時間分解能で直接計測され、さらに、ビデオカメラによって深層から連行される濁水の映像が撮影された。これらのデータを分析することによって、浅層の水温躍層が …
NAID 130005073363

コーヒー抽出滓迅速熱分解生成物の二次気相熱分解反応の詳細化学反応シミュレーション

庄司哲也,則永行庸,マシェックオンドレイ [他],林潤一郎
日本エネルギー学会誌 89(10), 955-961, 2010
… Production of benzene as well as consumptions of minor oxygenate compounds such as acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, and methanol were also fairly reproduced. …
NAID 130004741159

心肺停止に陥った plastic bronchitis 例

松下直樹,中野友明,植村剛 [他],愛場庸雅,久保武志,楠木誠,古下尚美,比良野彩子
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 102(6), 485-488, 2009-06-01
… But in the emergency care unit, this patient became very difficult to oxygenate despite aggressive ventilation and suddenly developed cardiopulmonary arrest. …
NAID 10024763393

赤血球集合が人工赤血球の流動に与える影響に関する数値解析的研究(生体(1),一般講演)

百武徹,谷茂樹,松本健志,柳瀬眞一郎
日本流体力学会年会講演論文集 2008, 401, 2008-09-04
… Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is a potent candidate for red blood cell (RBC) substitute, because its infinitesimal diameter enables to reach and oxygenate the microvascular region against erythrocyte flows. …
NAID 110008459696

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$fond d'ecran \ 3d \ 3ddivers \ Oxygenate$

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