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Otolaryngologist performing an endoscopic sinus surgical procedure
A 40-watt CO
2 laser used in otorhinolaryngology
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital founded in 1874, in London
Otorhinolaryngology (also called otolaryngology) is the area of medicine that deals with conditions of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) region. The specialty is often treated as a unit with surgery of the head and neck (otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, or OHNS). Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, ENT doctors, ENT surgeons, or head and neck surgeons. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, or base of the skull, and for the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors of the head and neck.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Training
- 3 Sub-specialties
- 4 Topics
- 4.1 Head and neck oncology
- 4.2 Otology and neurotology
- 4.3 Rhinology
- 4.4 Pediatric otorhinolaryngology
- 4.5 Laryngology
- 4.6 Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Etymology
The term is a combination of New Latin combining forms (oto- + rhino- + laryngo- + -logy) derived from four Ancient Greek words: οὖς ous (gen.: ὠτός otos), "ear", ῥίς rhis, "nose", λάρυγξ larynx, "larynx" and -λογία logia, "study"[1] (cf. Greek ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος, "otorhinolaryngologist").
Training
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB, etc.) who, in the United States, complete at least five years of surgical residency training. This is composed of one year in general surgical training and four years in otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery. (In the past it varied between two and three years of each.) In Canada, practitioners complete a five-year residency training after medical school.
Following residency training, some otorhinolaryngologists complete an advanced sub-specialty fellowship, where training can be one to two years in duration. In the United States and Canada, otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school.
In the United Kingdom entrance to otorhinolaryngology higher surgical training is highly competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process. The training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in an otorhinolaryngology sub-speciality prior to becoming a consultant.
Sub-specialties
| Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery |
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery* |
Otology |
Neurotology* |
Rhinology and Sinus Surgery |
Laryngology and Voice Disorders |
Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology |
Sleep Medicine* |
| Surgical oncology |
Facial cosmetic surgery |
Ear |
Middle and inner ear |
Sinusitis |
Voice disorders |
Velopalatine insufficiency |
| Reconstruction |
Maxillofacial |
Hearing |
Temporal bone |
Allergy |
Phono-surgery |
Cleft lip and palate |
| Endocrine surgery |
Trauma |
Balance |
Skull base |
Anterior skull base |
Swallowing disorders |
Airway |
| Endoscopic Surgery |
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Dizziness |
Apnea and snoring |
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Vascular malformations |
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Cochlear implant/BAHA |
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Cochlear implant/BAHA |
(* Currently recognized by American Board of Medical Subspecialties)
Topics
Head and neck oncology
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
- Oral cancer
- Skin Cancer of the head & neck
- Thyroid cancer
- Endocrine surgery of the head and neck (thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy)
- Microvascular free flap reconstruction
- Skull base surgery
- Salivary gland cancer
Otology and neurotology
Main articles: Otology and Neurotology
- Dizziness
- BPPV – benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
- Labyrinthitis/Vestibular neuronitis
- Ménière's disease/Endolymphatic hydrops
- Perilymphatic fistula
- Acoustic neuroma
- Hearing loss
- Mastoiditis
- Otitis externa – outer ear or ear canal inflammation
- Otitis media – middle ear inflammation
- Perforated eardrum (hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise)
- Ear surgery
Rhinology
Rhinology pertains to sinus diseases and the anterior skull base.
- Sinusitis – acute, chronic
- Environmental allergies
- Rhinitis
- Pituitary tumor
- Empty nose syndrome
- Severe or recurrent epistaxis
Pediatric otorhinolaryngology
- Adenoidectomy
- Caustic ingestion
- Cricotracheal resection
- Decannulation
- Laryngomalacia
- Laryngotracheal reconstruction
- Myringotomy and tubes
- Obstructive sleep apnea – pediatric
- Tonsillectomy
Laryngology
- Dysphonia/hoarseness
- Laryngitis
- Reinke's edema
- Vocal cord nodules and polyps
- Spasmodic dysphonia
- Tracheostomy
- Cancer of the larynx
- Vocology – science and practice of voice habilitation
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists and plastic surgeons who wish to specialize in the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the head, face, and neck.
- Rhinoplasty and septoplasty
- Facelift (rhytidectomy)
- Browlift
- Blepharoplasty
- Otoplasty
- Genioplasty
- Injectable cosmetic treatments
- Trauma to the face
- Nasal bone fracture
- Mandible fracture
- Orbital fracture
- Frontal sinus fracture
- Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage
- Skin cancer (e.g. Basal Cell Carcinoma)
See also
- American Board of Otolaryngology
- American Osteopathic Board of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology
- Head mirror
- Surgeon
- Audiology
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Speech-language pathology
References
- ^ "otolaryngologist" entry in: Peter Harris, Sue Nagy, Nicholas Vardaxis, Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions - Australian & New Zealand Edition, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009.
External links
- Associations and Societies
- American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
- American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society (The Trilogical Society)
- American Head and Neck Society
- British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons
- Australian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
- Canadian Society of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- The Voice Foundation
- American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology
- International Federation of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies
- American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy
- American Broncho-Esophagological Association
- American Laryngological Association
- Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children
- European Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies
- American Rhinologic Society
- American Otological Society
- Journals
- Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
- Journal of Voice
- Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology
- Journal of Laryngology and Otology
- TWJ Foundation
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Cleft lip and palate
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| Related specialities |
- Advance practice nursing
- Audiology
- Dentistry
- Dietetics
- Genetics
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Orthodontics
- Orthodontic technology
- Otolaryngology
- Pediatrics
- Pediatric dentistry
- Physician
- Plastic surgery
- Psychiatry
- Psychology
- Respiratory therapy
- Social Work
- Speech and language therapy
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| Related syndromes |
- Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes
- Pierre Robin syndrome
- Popliteal pterygium syndrome
- Van der Woude syndrome
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National and international
Organisations |
- Cleft Lip and Palate Association
- Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Ireland
- Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland
- Interplast
- North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service
- Operation Smile
- Shriners Hospitals for Children
- Smile Train
- Transforming Faces Worldwide
- Operation of Hope
- Smile Angel Foundation (China)
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