WordNet

strike with horror or terror; "The news of the bombing shocked her"
(pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor; "loss of blood is an important cause of shock"
subject to electrical shocks
the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat; "the armies met in the shock of battle" (同)impact
an unpleasant or disappointing surprise; "it came as a shock to learn that he was injured" (同)blow
an instance of agitation of the earths crust; "the first shock of the earthquake came shortly after noon while workers were at lunch" (同)seismic disturbance
a bushy thick mass (especially hair); "he had an unruly shock of black hair"
a pile of sheaves of grain set on end in a field to dry; stalks of Indian corn set up in a field; "corn is bound in small sheaves and several sheaves are set up together in shocks"; "whole fields of wheat in shock"
surprise greatly; knock someones socks off; "I was floored when I heard that I was promoted" (同)floor, ball over, blow out of the water, take aback
strike with disgust or revulsion; "The scandalous behavior of this married woman shocked her friends" (同)offend, scandalize, scandalise, appal, appall, outrage
collect or gather into shocks; "shock grain"
collide violently
of or relating to osmosis; "osmotic pressure"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(衝突・爆発などの)『衝撃』,(地震の)震動,電撃 / 〈C〉〈U〉(精神的)『打撃』,ショック / 〈U〉ショック症 / 《しばしば受動態で》〈人〉‘を'『ぎょっとさせる』,ひどく驚かせる / (治療のため)〈人・動物〉‘に'電気ショクを与える
(乾燥させるために立てかけた)穀類の刈り束 / 〈穀類〉‘を'刈り束にする
(髪の毛の)もじゃもじゃの固まり《+『of』+『名』》
浸透する;浸透性の
びっくりさせる,ぞっとする / 全くひどい(very bad),不愉快な(offensive)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/07 00:06:46」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant, water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, at low concentrations of solutes, water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.^[1]

All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings;^[2] these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions.^[3] Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions.^[4] Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.^[5]

In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses. During hyper-osmotic stress extracellular albumin binds calcium.

Recovery and tolerance mechanisms

For hyper-osmotic stress

extracellular sequestering of Calcium by blood Albumin.

Transient intracellular Ca²⁺ increase.

For hypo-osmotic stress

intracellular Ca²⁺ increase and Extracellular ATP Release^[6]

Calcium dependent efflux of the osmolyte Taurine. Extracellular calcium removal was found to prevent Taurine efflux by 50%, and removal of extracellular Ca²⁺ and simultaneous depletion of intracellular Ca²⁺ stores with thapsigargin decreased it by 85%.^[7]

Osmotic damage in humans

References

^ Lang KS, Lang PA, Bauer C, et al. (2005). "Mechanisms of suicidal erythrocyte death". Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 15 (5): 195–202. doi:10.1159/000086406. PMID 15956782.
^ Kültz D, Burg M (1 November 1998). "Evolution of osmotic stress signaling via MAP kinase cascades". J. Exp. Biol. 201 (Pt 22): 3015–21. PMID 9787121.
^ Kültz D (2007). "Osmotic stress sensing and signaling in animals". FEBS Journal 274 (22): 5781–5781. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06097.x. PMID 17944944.
^ Ho SN (2006). "Intracellular water homeostasis and the mammalian cellular osmotic stress response". J. Cell. Physiol. 206 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1002/jcp.20445. PMID 15965902.
^ Brocker, C; Thompson, DC; Vasiliou, V (August 2012). "The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease.". Biomolecular Concepts 3 (4): 345–64. doi:10.1515/bmc-2012-0001. PMC 3438915. PMID 22977648.
^ Hélène Ollivier, Karine Pichavant-Rafini, Eneour Puill-Stephan, Patrick Calvès, Liliane Nonnotte and Guy Nonnotte (2006). "Effects of hypo-osmotic stress on ATP release in isolated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) hepatocytes". Biol. Cell 98 (7): 427–437. doi:10.1042/BC20050077. PMID 16519627.
^ Olivero P, Stutzin A. (2004). "Calcium modulates osmosensitive taurine efflux in HeLa cells". Neurochem Res. 29 (1): 169–76. doi:10.1023/B:NERE.0000010446.50158.8d. PMID 14992276.

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1. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
2. 小児におけるショックの初期評価 initial evaluation of shock in children
3. 成人におけるショックの定義、症状、病因、および病態生理 definition classification etiology and pathophysiology of shock in adults
4. 小児におけるショックの初期マネージメント initial management of shock in children
5. 成人外傷におけるショックの一次評価およびマネージメント initial evaluation and management of shock in adult trauma

English Journal

The impact of monomer sequence and stereochemistry on the swelling and erosion of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) matrices.

Washington MA1, Swiner DJ1, Bell KR1, Fedorchak MV2, Little SR3, Meyer TY4.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2017 Feb;117:66-76. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.037. Epub 2016 Nov 24.
Monomer sequence is demonstrated to be a primary factor in determining the hydrolytic degradation profile of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs). Although many approaches have been used to tune the degradation of PLGAs, little effort has been expended in exploring the sequence-control strategy ex
PMID 27936418

Distinct gene networks drive differential response to abrupt or gradual water deficit in potato.

Ambrosone A1, Batelli G1, Bostan H2, D'Agostino N3, Chiusano ML2, Perrotta G4, Leone A5, Grillo S1, Costa A6.
Gene.Gene.2017 Jan 15;597:30-39. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.024. Epub 2016 Oct 19.
Water-limiting conditions affect dramatically plant growth and development and, ultimately, yield of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the response to water deficit is of paramount interest to obtain drought tolerant potato varieties. Herein, po
PMID 27771448

Improved long-term outcome after transient cerebral ischemia in aquaporin-4 knockout mice.

Hirt L1, Fukuda AM2, Ambadipudi K3, Rashid F2, Binder D4, Verkman A5, Ashwal S3, Obenaus A2,3,4, Badaut J6,3,7.
Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.2017 Jan;37(1):277-290. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
A hallmark of stroke is water accumulation (edema) resulting from dysregulation of osmotic homeostasis. Brain edema contributes to tissue demise and may lead to increased intracranial pressure and lethal herniation. Currently, there are only limited treatments to prevent edema formation following st
PMID 26767580

Japanese Journal

Visual expression analysis of the responses of the alternative oxidase gene (aox1) to heat shock, oxidative, and osmotic stresses in conidia of citric acid-producing Aspergillus niger(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Honda Yuki,Hattori Takasumi,Kirimura Kohtaro
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 113(3), 338-342, 2012-03-00
… Sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region of the alternative oxidase gene (aox1) revealed a potential heat shock element (HSE) and a stress response element (STRE). … niger AOXEGFP-1 that were subjected to heat shock at 35-45℃, oxidative stress by exposure to 5 mM paraquat or 1 mM t-butylhydroperoxide, or osmotic stresses by exposure to 0.5 M KCl or 1.0 M mannitol. …
NAID 110009425324

ラット出血性ショックモデルに対する低分子量と中分子量ヒドロキシエチルデンプン(HES)の効果の比較

米子真記,鈴木康之,小嶋純
麻酔 61(1), 57-63, 2012-01-00
NAID 40019150731

実験室固相ハイドロゲル中でのタンパク質結晶化

杉山成,廣瀬未果,佐﨑元 [他],安達宏昭,高野和文,村上聡,松村浩由,丸山美帆子,井上豪,森勇介
日本結晶学会誌 54(5), 300-303, 2012
… However, the method often causes damage due to osmotic pressure to crystals, especially when a compound is dissolved in an organic solvent or solution with high ionic strength. … These solutions damage protein crystals by osmotic shock. …
NAID 130002142926