For the Eastern Hemisphere marsupial, see Possum.
For other uses of "Opossum", see Opossum (disambiguation).
Didelphidae[1]
Temporal range: Early Miocene–Recent
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
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[2] |
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| Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Chordata |
| Class: |
Mammalia |
| Infraclass: |
Marsupialia |
| Superorder: |
Ameridelphia |
| Order: |
Didelphimorphia
Gill, 1872 |
| Family: |
Didelphidae
Gray, 1821 |
| Genera |
|
Several; see text
|
The opossums, also known as possums, are marsupial mammals of the order Didelphimorphia ). The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 103 or more species in 19 genera. Opossums originated in South America, and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of the two continents. Their unspecialized biology, flexible diet, and reproductive habits make them successful colonizers and survivors in diverse locations and conditions.[citation needed]
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Characteristics
- 2.1 Reproduction and life cycle
- 2.2 Behavior
- 2.3 Biochemistry
- 3 Habitat
- 4 Hunting and foodways
- 5 Classification
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Etymology
The word "opossum" is borrowed from the Virginia Algonquian (Powhatan) language, and was first recorded between 1607 and 1611 by the Jamestown colonists John Smith (as "opassom") and William Strachey (as "aposoum").[3] The word ultimately derives from the Proto-Algonquian word *wa˙p- aʔθemw, meaning "white dog" or "white beast/animal".[citation needed]
They are also commonly called possums, particularly in the Southern United States and Midwest. Following the discovery of Australia, the term "possum" was borrowed to describe distantly related Australian marsupials of the suborder Phalangeriformes,[4] which are more closely related to other Australian marsupials such as kangaroos.
Characteristics
Skeleton of the gray short-tailed opossum (
Monodelphis domestica)
Didelphimorphs are small to medium-sized marsupials, ranging in size from a small mouse to a large house cat. They tend to be semi-arboreal omnivores, although there are many exceptions. Most members of this taxon have long snouts, a narrow braincase, and a prominent sagittal crest. The dental formula is: 5.1.3.44.1.3.4. By mammalian standards, this is an unusually full jaw. The incisors are very small, the canines large, and the molars are tricuspid.
Didelphimorphs have a plantigrade stance (feet flat on the ground) and the hind feet have an opposable digit with no claw. Like some New World monkeys, opossums have prehensile tails. Like all marsupials, the fur consists of awn hair only, and the females have a pouch. The tail and parts of the feet bear scutes. The stomach is simple, with a small cecum. Notably, the male opossum has a forked penis bearing twin glandes.[5]
Opossums have a remarkably robust immune system, and show partial or total immunity to the venom of rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and other pit vipers.[6][7] Opossums are about eight times less likely to carry rabies than wild dogs, and about one in eight hundred opossums is infected with this virus.[8]
Although all living opossums are essentially opportunistic omnivores, different species vary in the amount of meat and vegetation they include in their diet. Members of the Caluromyinae are essentially frugivorous; whereas the lutrine opossum and Patagonian opossum primarily feed on other animals.[9] The yapok (Chironectes minimus) is particularly unusual, as it is the only living semi-aquatic marsupial, using its webbed hindlimbs to dive in search of freshwater mollusks and crayfish.[10] Most opossums are scansorial, well-adapted to life in the trees or on the ground, but members of the Caluromyinae and Glironiinae are primarily arboreal, whereas species of Metachirus, Monodelphis, and to a lesser degree Didelphis show adaptations for life on the ground.[11]
Reproduction and life cycle
Further information: Marsupial § Reproductive system
Sleeping Virginia opossum with babies in her relaxed pouch
As a marsupial, the opossum has a reproductive system including a divided uterus and marsupium, which is the pouch.[12] The average estrous cycle of the opossum is about 28 days.[13] Opossums do possess a placenta,[14] but it is short-lived, simple in structure, and, unlike that of placental mammals, is not fully functional.[15] The young are therefore born at a very early stage, although the gestation period is similar to many other small marsupials, at only 12 to 14 days.[16] Once born, the offspring must find their way into the marsupium to hold on to and nurse from a teat.
Female opossums often give birth to very large numbers of young, most of which fail to attach to a teat, although as many as thirteen young can attach,[17] and therefore survive, depending on species. The young are weaned between 70 and 125 days, when they detach from the teat and leave the pouch. The opossum lifespan is unusually short for a mammal of its size, usually only two to four years. Senescence is rapid.[18]
The species are moderately sexually dimorphic with males usually being slightly larger, much heavier, and having larger canines than females.[17] The largest difference between the opossum and non-marsupial mammals is the bifurcated penis of the male and bifurcated vagina of the female (the source of the term "didelphimorph," from the Greek "didelphys," meaning double-wombed).[19] Opossum spermatozoa exhibit sperm-pairing, forming conjugate pairs in the epididymis. This may ensure that flagella movement can be accurately coordinated for maximal motility. Conjugate pairs dissociate into separate spermatozoa before fertilization.[20]
Behavior
A Virginia opossum inhabiting a piano in Houston, Texas, shortly before its release
An opossum "playing dead"
Opossums are usually solitary and nomadic, staying in one area as long as food and water are easily available. Some families will group together in ready-made burrows or even under houses. Though they will temporarily occupy abandoned burrows, they do not dig or put much effort into building their own. As nocturnal animals, they favor dark, secure areas. These areas may be below ground or above.[citation needed]
Juvenile opossum hissing defensively.
When threatened or harmed, they will "play possum", mimicking the appearance and smell of a sick or dead animal. This physiological response is involuntary (like fainting), rather than a conscious act. In the case of baby opossums, however, the brain does not always react this way at the appropriate moment, and therefore they often fail to "play dead" when threatened. When an opossum is "playing possum", the animal's lips are drawn back, the teeth are bared, saliva foams around the mouth, the eyes close or half-close, and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from the anal glands. The stiff, curled form can be prodded, turned over, and even carried away without reaction. The animal will typically regain consciousness after a period of between 40 minutes and 4 hours, a process that begins with slight twitching of the ears.[21]
Adult opossums do not hang from trees by their tails, as sometimes depicted, though babies may dangle temporarily. Their semi-prehensile tails are not strong enough to support a mature adult's weight. Instead, the opossum uses its tail as a brace and a fifth limb when climbing. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. A mother will sometimes carry her young upon her back, where they will cling tightly even when she is climbing or running.
Threatened opossums (especially males) will growl deeply, raising their pitch as the threat becomes more urgent. Males make a clicking "smack" noise out of the side of their mouths as they wander in search of a mate, and females will sometimes repeat the sound in return. When separated or distressed, baby opossums will make a sneezing noise to signal their mother. If threatened, the baby will open its mouth and quietly hiss until the threat is gone.
Biochemistry
Opossums are remarkably resistant to snake venom, ricin, and botulinum toxin.[7]
Habitat
Opossums can be found from Mesoamerica to North America, but are considered an invasive species in places such as Southern Ontario and British Columbia.[22]
Hunting and foodways
The Virginia opossum was once widely hunted and consumed in the United States.[23][24][25][26] Sweet potatoes were eaten together with the possum in America's southern area.[27][28][29][29] [30][31][32] South Carolina cuisine includes opossum eating.[33] Jimmy Carter killed opossums.[34][35] Turkeys, quail, possums, and raccoons were killed for food by Carter.[36] Rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, and possums were consumed by Jimmy Carter's family when he was a kid.[37] Coon, possum, partridges, prairie hen, and frogs were among the fare Mark Twain recorded as part of American cuisine.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
Americans run possum farms.[49][50][51]
In Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad and St. Lucia the common opossum or manicou is popular[citation needed] and can only be hunted during certain times of the year owing to overhunting. The meat is traditionally prepared by smoking, then stewing. It is light and fine-grained, but the musk glands must be removed as part of preparation. The meat can be used in place of rabbit and chicken in recipes. Historically, hunters in the Caribbean would place a barrel with fresh or rotten fruit to attract opossums that would feed on the fruit or insects.
In northern/central Mexico, opossums are known as "tlacuache" or "tlacuatzin". Their tails are eaten as a folk remedy to improve fertility.[52] In the Yucatán peninsula they are known in the Yucatec Mayan language as "och"[53] and they are not considered part of the regular diet by mayan people, but still considered edible in times of famine.
Opossum oil (possum grease) is high in essential fatty acids and has been used as a chest rub and a carrier for arthritis remedies given as topical salves.[citation needed]
Opossum pelts have long been part of the fur trade.
Classification
The range of
Didelphis virginiana across North America in green
Classification based on Voss and Jansa (2009)[54]
- Family Didelphidae
- Subfamily Glironiinae
- Genus Glironia
- Bushy-tailed opossum (Glironia venusta)
- Subfamily Caluromyinae
- Genus Caluromys
- Subgenus Caluromys
- Bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander)
- Subgenus Mallodelphys
- Derby's woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus)
- Brown-eared woolly opossum (Caluromys lanatus)
- Genus Caluromysiops
- Black-shouldered opossum (Caluromysiops irrupta)
- Subfamily Hyladelphinae
- Genus Hyladelphys
- Kalinowski's mouse opossum (Hyladelphys kalinowskii)
- Subfamily Didelphinae
- Tribe Didelphini
- Genus Metachirus
- Brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus)
- Genus Chironectes
- Yapok or water opossum (Chironectes minimus)
- Unnamed subgroup
- Genus Lutreolina
- †Lutreolina biforata[55]
- Lutrine or thick-tailed opossum (Lutreolina crassicaudata)
- †Lutreolina materdei[56]
- Lutreolina massoia[57]
- †Genus Hyperdidelphys
- †Hyperdidelphys dimartinoi[55]
- †Hyperdidelphys inexpectata[55]
- †Hyperdidelphys parvula[55]
- †Hyperdidelphys pattersoni[55]
- Unnamed subgroup
- Genus Didelphis
- White-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris)
- Big-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita)
- Guianan white-eared opossum (Didelphis imperfecta)
- Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)
- Andean white-eared opossum (Didelphis pernigra)
- †Didelphis solimoensis[58]
- Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
- Genus Philander
A gray and black four-eyed opossum
- Anderson's four-eyed opossum (Philander andersoni)
- Deltaic four-eyed opossum (Philander deltae)
- Southeastern four-eyed opossum (Philander frenatus)
- McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (Philander mcilhennyi)
- Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum (Philander mondolfii)
- Olrog's four-eyed opossum (Philander olrogi)
- Gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum)
- †Genus Thylophorops
- †Thylophorops chapadmalensis[55]
- †Thylophorops lorenzinii[59]
- †Thylophorops perplana[55]
- Tribe Marmosini
- Genus Marmosa
- Subgenus Marmosa
- Heavy-browed mouse opossum (Marmosa andersoni)
- Isthmian mouse opossum (Marmosa isthmica)
- Rufous mouse opossum (Marmosa lepida)
- Mexican mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana)
- Linnaeus's mouse opossum (Marmosa murina)
- Quechuan mouse opossum (Marmosa quichua)
- Robinson's mouse opossum (Marmosa robinsoni)
- Red mouse opossum (Marmosa rubra)
- Marmosa simonsi
- Tyleria mouse opossum (Marmosa tyleriana)
- Marmosa waterhousei
- Guajira mouse opossum (Marmosa xerophila)
- Marmosa zeledoni
- Subgenus Micoureus
- Alston's mouse opossum (Marmosa alstoni)
- White-bellied woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa constantiae)
- Woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa demerarae)
- †Marmosa laventica[60]
- Tate's woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa paraguayanus)
- Little woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa phaeus)
- Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa regina)
- Genus Monodelphis (es:Monodelphis translation of Spanish article)
- Sepia short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis adusta)
- Northern three-striped opossum (Monodelphis americana)
- (Monodelphis arlindoi)[61]
- Northern red-sided opossum (Monodelphis brevicaudata)
- Yellow-sided opossum (Monodelphis dimidiata)
- Gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
- Emilia's short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis emiliae)
- Amazonian red-sided opossum (Monodelphis glirina)
- Handley's short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis handleyi)[62]
- Ihering's three-striped opossum (Monodelphis iheringi)
- Pygmy short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis kunsi)
- Marajó short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis maraxina)
- Osgood's short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis osgoodi)
- Hooded red-sided opossum (Monodelphis palliolata)
- Reig's opossum (Monodelphis reigi)
- Ronald's opossum (Monodelphis ronaldi)
- Chestnut-striped opossum (Monodelphis rubida)
- (Monodelphis sanctaerosae)[63]
- Long-nosed short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis scalops)
- Southern red-sided opossum (Monodelphis sorex)
- Southern three-striped opossum (Monodelphis theresa)
- (Monodelphis touan)[61]
- Red three-striped opossum (Monodelphis umbristriata)
- One-striped opossum (Monodelphis unistriata)
- Genus Tlacuatzin (es:Tlacuatzin translation of Spanish article)
- Grayish mouse opossum (Tlacuatzin canescens)
- Tribe Thylamyini
- Genus Chacodelphys
- Chacoan pygmy opossum (Chacodelphys formosa)
- Genus Cryptonanus
- Agricola's gracile opossum (Cryptonanus agricolai)
- Chacoan gracile opossum (Cryptonanus chacoensis)
- Guahiba gracile opossum (Cryptonanus guahybae)
- Red-bellied gracile opossum (Cryptonanus ignitus) † 1962
- Unduavi gracile opossum (Cryptonanus unduaviensis)
- Genus Gracilinanus
- Aceramarca gracile opossum (Gracilinanus aceramarcae)
- Agile gracile opossum (Gracilinanus agilis)
- Wood sprite gracile opossum (Gracilinanus dryas)
- Emilia's gracile opossum (Gracilinanus emilae)
- Northern gracile opossum (Gracilinanus marica)
- Brazilian gracile opossum (Gracilinanus microtarsus)
- Genus Lestodelphys
- Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli)
- Genus Marmosops
- Bishop's slender opossum (Marmosops bishopi)
- Narrow-headed slender opossum (Marmosops cracens)
- Creighton's slender opossum Marmosops creightoni
- Dorothy's slender opossum (Marmosops dorothea)
- Dusky slender opossum (Marmosops fuscatus)
- Handley's slender opossum (Marmosops handleyi)
- Tschudi's slender opossum (Marmosops impavidus)
- Gray slender opossum (Marmosops incanus)
- Panama slender opossum (Marmosops invictus)
- Junin slender opossum (Marmosops juninensis)
- Neblina slender opossum (Marmosops neblina)
- White-bellied slender opossum (Marmosops noctivagus)
- Delicate slender opossum (Marmosops parvidens)
- Brazilian slender opossum (Marmosops paulensis)
- Pinheiro's slender opossum (Marmosops pinheiroi)
- Genus Thylamys (es:Thylamys translation of Spanish article)
- †Thylamys colombianus[60]
- Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys cinderella)
- (Thylamys citellus)[64]
- Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans)
- (Thylamys fenestrae)[65]
- Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys karimii)
- Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys macrurus)
- †Thylamys minutus[60]
- White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys pallidior)
- (Thylamys pulchellus)[66]
- †Thylamys pinei[67]
- Common fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys pusillus)
- Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys sponsorius)
- Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys tatei)
- Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys velutinus)
- Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys venustus)
- †Thylamys zettii[68]
- †Genus Zygolestes
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- ^ Juan A. Martínez-Lanfranco , David Flores , J. Pablo Jayat , and Guillermo D'Elía, A new species of lutrine opossum, genus Lutreolina Thomas (Didelphidae), from the South American Yungas, Source: Journal of Mammalogy, 95(2):225-240. 2014.
- ^ Cozzuol, Mario A.; Francisco J. Goin; Martin de los Reyes; Alceu Ranzi (2006). "The oldest species of Didelphis (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae) from the late Miocene of Amazonia". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (4): 663–667. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-282R2.1.
- ^ Goin, Francisco J.; Natalia Zimicz; Martin de los Reyes; Leopoldo Soibelzon (2009). "A new large didelphid of the genus Thylophorops (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae), from the late Tertiary of the Pampean Region (Argentina)". Zootaxa. 2005: 35–46.
- ^ a b c Goin, Francisco J. (1997). "New clues for understanding Neogene marsupial radiations". Vertebrate Paleontology of the Miocene in Colombia. A History of the Neotropical Fauna. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. pp. 185–204. ISBN 1-56098-418-X.
- ^ a b Pavan, Silvia Eliza; Rossi, Rogerio Vieira; Schneider, Horacio (2012). "Species diversity in the Monodelphis brevicaudata complex (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data, with the description of a new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 165: 190. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00791.x.
- ^ Flores, D. & Solari, S. 2011. Monodelphis handleyi. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
- ^ Voss, Robert S.; Pine, Ronald H.; Solari, Sergio (2012). "A New Species of the Didelphid Marsupial Genus Monodelphis from Eastern Bolivia". American Museum Novitates. 3740 (3740): 1. doi:10.1206/3740.2.
- ^ Flores, D. & Teta, P. 2011. Thylamys citellus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
- ^ Flores, D. & Martin, G.M. 2011. Thylamys fenestrae. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
- ^ Flores, D. & Martin, G.M. 2011. Thylamys pulchellus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2.
- ^ Goin, Francisco J.; C.I. Montalvo, G. Visconti (2000). "Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno Superior de la Formacion Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina)". Estudios Geologicos. 56: 101–126. doi:10.3989/egeol.00561-2158.
- ^ Goin, Francisco J. (1997). "Thylamys zettii, nueva especie de marmosino (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) del Cenozoico tardio de la region Pampeana". Ameghiniana. 34 (4): 481–484.
External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Didelphidae |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Didelphis virginiana. |
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Extant mammal orders by infraclass
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- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- (unranked) Amniota
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| Yinotheria |
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Australosphenida
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- Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)
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Metatheria
(Marsupial inclusive) |
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Ameridelphia
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- Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums)
- Didelphimorphia (Opossums)
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Australidelphia
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- Microbiotheria (Monito del monte)
- Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles)
- Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts)
- Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots)
- Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives)
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Eutheria
(Placental inclusive) |
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Xenarthra
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- Cingulata (Armadillos)
- Pilosa (Anteaters and sloths)
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Afrotheria
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- Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles)
- Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews)
- Tubulidentata (Aardvark)
- Hyracoidea (Hyraxes)
- Proboscidea (Elephants)
- Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees)
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Boreoeutheria
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Laurasiatheria
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- Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
- Chiroptera (Bats)
- Pholidota (Pangolins)
- Carnivora (Dogs, cats and relatives)
- Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)
- Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)
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Euarchontoglires
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- Rodentia (Rodents)
- Lagomorpha (Rabbits and pikas)
- Scandentia (Treeshrews)
- Dermoptera (Colugos)
- Primates
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Extant Didelphimorphia (Opossums) species
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- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Class Mammalia
- Infraclass Marsupialia
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Subfamily Caluromyinae
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Caluromys
(Woolly opossums) |
- Subgenus Caluromys
- Bare-tailed woolly opossum (C. philander)
- Subgenus Mallodelphys
- Derby's woolly opossum (C. derbianus)
- Brown-eared woolly opossum (C. lanatus)
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| Caluromysiops |
- Black-shouldered opossum (C. irrupta)
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| Glironia |
- Bushy-tailed opossum (G. venusta)
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Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. below)
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| Chacodelphys |
- Chacoan pygmy opossum (C. chacoensis)
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| Chironectes |
- Water opossum (C. minimus)
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| Cryptonanus |
- Agricola's gracile opossum (C. agricolai)
- Chacoan gracile opossum (C. chacoensis)
- Guahiba gracile opossum (C. guahybae)
- Unduavi gracile opossum (C. unduaviensis)
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Didelphis
(Large American
opossums) |
- White-eared opossum (D. albiventris)
- Big-eared opossum (D. aurita)
- Guianan white-eared opossum (D. imperfecta)
- Common opossum (D. marsupialis)
- Andean white-eared opossum (D. pernigra)
- Virginia opossum (D. virginiana)
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| Gracilinanus |
- Aceramarca gracile opossum (G. aceramarcae)
- Agile gracile opossum (G. agilis)
- Wood sprite gracile opossum (G. dryas)
- Emilia's gracile opossum (G. emilae)
- Northern gracile opossum (G. marica)
- Brazilian gracile opossum (G. microtarsus)
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| Hyladelphys |
- Kalinowski's mouse opossum (H. kalinowskii)
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| Lestodelphys |
- Patagonian opossum (L. halli)
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| Lutreolina |
- Lutrine opossum (L. crassicaudata)
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Marmosa
(Mouse opossums) |
- Alston's mouse opossum (M. alstoni)
- Heavy-browed mouse opossum (M. andersoni)
- White-bellied woolly mouse opossum (M. constantiae)
- Woolly mouse opossum (M. demerarae)
- Isthmian mouse opossum (M. isthmica)
- Rufous mouse opossum (M. lepida)
- Mexican mouse opossum (M. mexicana)
- Linnaeus's mouse opossum (M. murina)
- Tate's woolly mouse opossum (M. paraguayanus)
- Little woolly mouse opossum (M. phaeus)
- Quechuan mouse opossum (M. quichua)
- Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum (M. regina)
- Robinson's mouse opossum (M. robinsoni)
- Red mouse opossum (M. rubra)
- Tyler's mouse opossum (M. tyleriana)
- Guajira mouse opossum (M. xerophila)
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| Marmosops |
- Bishop's slender opossum (M. bishopi)
- Narrow-headed slender opossum (M. cracens)
- Creighton's slender opossum (M. creightoni)
- Dorothy's slender opossum (M. dorothea)
- Dusky slender opossum (M. fuscatus)
- Handley's slender opossum (M. handleyi)
- Tschudi's slender opossum (M. impavidus)
- Gray slender opossum (M. incanus)
- Panama slender opossum (M. invictus)
- Junin slender opossum (M. juninensis)
- Neblina slender opossum (M. neblina)
- White-bellied slender opossum (M. noctivagus)
- Delicate slender opossum (M. parvidens)
- Brazilian slender opossum (M. paulensis)
- Pinheiro's slender opossum (M. pinheiroi)
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Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. above)
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| Metachirus |
- Brown four-eyed opossum (M. nudicaudatus)
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Monodelphis
(Short-tailed
opossums) |
- Sepia short-tailed opossum (M. adusta)
- Northern three-striped opossum (M. americana)
- Northern red-sided opossum (M. brevicaudata)
- Yellow-sided opossum (M. dimidiata)
- Gray short-tailed opossum (M. domestica)
- Emilia's short-tailed opossum (M. emiliae)
- Amazonian red-sided opossum (M. glirina)
- Ihering's three-striped opossum (M. iheringi)
- Pygmy short-tailed opossum (M. kunsi)
- Marajó short-tailed opossum (M. maraxina)
- Osgood's short-tailed opossum (M. osgoodi)
- Hooded red-sided opossum (M. palliolata)
- Reig's opossum (M. reigi)
- Ronald's opossum (M. ronaldi)
- Chestnut-striped opossum (M. rubida)
- Long-nosed short-tailed opossum (M. scalops)
- Southern red-sided opossum (M. sorex)
- Southern three-striped opossum (M. theresa)
- Red three-striped opossum (M. umbristriata)
- One-striped opossum (M. unistriata)
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Philander
(Gray & black four-
eyed opossums) |
- Anderson's four-eyed opossum (P. andersoni)
- Deltaic four-eyed opossum (P. deltae)
- Southeastern four-eyed opossum (P. frenatus)
- McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (P. mcilhennyi)
- Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii)
- Olrog's four-eyed opossum (P. olrogi)
- Gray four-eyed opossum (P. opossum)
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| Thylamys |
- Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. cinderella)
- Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. elegans)
- Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. karimii)
- Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. macrurus)
- White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pallidior)
- Common fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pusillus)
- Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. sponsorius)
- Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. tatei)
- Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. velutinus)
- Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. venustus)
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| Tlacuatzin |
- Gray mouse opossum (T. canescens)
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Game animals and shooting in the United States
|
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| Game birds |
- Bobwhite quail
- Chukar
- Hungarian partridge
- Prairie chicken
- Mourning dove
- Ring-necked pheasant
- Ptarmigan
- Ruffed grouse
- Sharp-tailed grouse
- Snipe (common snipe)
- Spruce grouse
- Turkey
- Woodcock
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| Waterfowl |
- Black duck
- Canada goose
- Canvasback
- Gadwall
- Greater scaup
- Lesser scaup
- Mallard
- Northern pintail
- Redhead
- Ross's goose
- Snow goose
- Wood duck
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| Big game |
- Bighorn sheep
- Black bear
- Razorback
- Brown bear
- Bison (buffalo)
- Caribou
- Cougar (mountain lion)
- Elk
- Moose
- White-tailed deer
- Gray wolf
- Mountain goat
- Mule deer
- Pronghorn
- Muskox
- Dall sheep
- Polar bear
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| Other quarry |
- American alligator
- Bobcat
- Coyote
- Fox squirrel
- Gray fox
- Gray squirrel
- Opossum
- Rabbit
- Red fox
- Snowshoe hare
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| See also |
- Bear hunting
- Big game hunting
- Bison hunting
- Deer hunting
- Waterfowl hunting
- Whaling
- Fishing
- Wolf hunting
- Upland hunting
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