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derivative of opium; used as an antitussive (to relieve coughing) and an analgesic (to relieve pain)

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コデイン(アヘンから作られる鎮痛剤・せき止め薬)

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1. 成人における亜急性および慢性咳嗽の治療 treatment of subacute and chronic cough in adults
2. 成人における緊張型頭痛：急性期治療 tension type headache in adults acute treatment
3. Anesthesia for the dialysis patient
4. 小児における感冒：マネージメントおよび予防 the common cold in children management and prevention
5. 緩和ケア：咳嗽、上気道性喘鳴、および喀血の概要 palliative care overview of cough stridor and hemoptysis

English Journal

Simultaneous determination of codeine and caffeine using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode.

Habibi B1, Abazari M2, Pournaghi-Azar MH2.Author information 1Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran. Electronic address: B.Habibi@Azaruniv.edu.2Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 53714-161, Iran.AbstractIn the present paper, the simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and caffeine (CF) is described by the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode (SWCNT/CCE); prepared via a simple and rapid method. The results show that the SWCNT/CCE exhibits excellent electrochemical catalytic activity toward the oxidation of these compounds with respect to the bare CCE and offers two anodic peaks at 1.05 and 1.38V vs. saturated calomel electrode for oxidation of CO and CF, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for simultaneous determination of CO and CF at micromolar concentration level. In the optimum conditions, it is found that the calibration graphs for CO and CF are linear in the concentration ranges 0.2-230 and 0.4-300μM with detection limits of 0.11 and 0.25μM for CO and CF, respectively. The SWCNT/CCE presents good stability, reproducibility, and repeatability and the proposed method has been successfully applied for determination of CO and CF in some pharmaceutical, drinking and biological samples with high recovery rate.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2014 Feb 1;114:89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.026. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
In the present paper, the simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and caffeine (CF) is described by the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode (SWCNT/CCE); prepared via a simple and rapid method. The results show that the SWCNT/CCE exhibits excellent electrochemic
PMID 24176887

Application of Sweat Patch Screening for 16 Drugs and Metabolites Using a Fast and Highly Selective LC-MS/MS Method.

Koster RA, Alffenaar JW, Greijdanus B, Vandernagel JE, Uges DR.Author information *Laboratory for Clinical and Forensic Toxicology and Drugs Analysis, Department of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; †SumID-Project, Zorgontwikkeling, Tactus Addiction Medicine, Deventer, The Netherlands; and ‡ACSW-Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.AbstractBACKGROUND: To facilitate the monitoring of drug abuse by patients, a method was developed and validated for fast and highly selective screening for amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, methylphenidate, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine, heroin, 6-monoacteylmorphine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, nicotine, and cotinine in PharmCheck sweat patches. The analysis of sweat patches would provide a noninvasive alternative matrix to urine or blood samples.
Therapeutic drug monitoring.Ther Drug Monit.2014 Feb;36(1):35-45. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182a04feb.
BACKGROUND: To facilitate the monitoring of drug abuse by patients, a method was developed and validated for fast and highly selective screening for amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, methylphenidate, cocaine, b
PMID 24071814

Assessment of stability of drug biomarkers in municipal wastewater as a factor influencing the estimation of drug consumption using sewage epidemiology.

Senta I1, Krizman I1, Ahel M1, Terzic S2.Author information 1Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.2Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: terzic@irb.hr.AbstractStability of the selected urinary biomarkers of six illicit drugs and two therapeutic opioids in municipal wastewater was studied in order to determine errors associated with their possible transformation in the sewer. The stability was assessed in experiments conducted at 10°C and 20°C in order to simulate typical winter and summer temperature conditions in the sewer system. Among fourteen substances tested, the most unstable compounds were morphine-3-β-D glucuronide (MG), 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), cocaine (COC) and 6-acetyl codeine (6-AC), while all other investigated compounds appeared to be relatively stable over a period of 72h. The transformation of all degradable compounds followed pseudo-first order kinetics with significantly longer half-times (t1/2) at winter conditions. At 20°C, t1/2 of MG, 6-AM, COC and 6-AC was 7h, 87h, 35h and 58h, respectively, while the corresponding t1/2 values at 10°C were 18h, 139h, 173h and 87h. The main transformation mechanism of MG, 6-AM and 6-AC was most probably their enzymatic hydrolysis to morphine (MOR) and codeine (COD), while COC transformation to benzoylecgonine (BE) was primarily governed by chemical hydrolysis. The results indicate that the effect of the observed transformation of urinary biomarkers of COC and 6-AM on the estimates of COC and heroin consumption are relatively small (<10%) if the in-sewer hydraulic retention time is lower than 12h. Acidification of the wastewater samples proved to be the good way to stabilise the wastewater samples for the analysis of all selected compounds, except for 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). This finding should be taken into account when selecting the preservation technique for multiresidual analyses of different groups of illicit drugs.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Jan 8. pii: S0048-9697(13)01527-1. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.054. [Epub ahead of print]
Stability of the selected urinary biomarkers of six illicit drugs and two therapeutic opioids in municipal wastewater was studied in order to determine errors associated with their possible transformation in the sewer. The stability was assessed in experiments conducted at 10°C and 20°C in order t
PMID 24411995