WordNet

without undue constriction as from e.g. tenseness or inhibition; "the clarity and resonance of an open tone"; "her natural and open response"
a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water; "finally broke out of the forest into the open" (同)clear
information that has become public; "all the reports were out in the open"; "the facts had been brought to the surface" (同)surface
a tournament in which both professionals and amateurs may play
become available; "an opportunity opened up" (同)open_up
become open; "The door opened" (同)open_up
cause to open or to become open; "Mary opened the car door" (同)open_up
make available; "This opens up new possibilities" (同)open_up
start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning; "open a business" (同)open_up
not sealed or having been unsealed; "the letter was already open"; "the opened package lay on the table" (同)opened
used of mouth or eyes; "keep your eyes open"; "his mouth slightly opened" (同)opened
not brought to a conclusion; subject to further thought; "an open question"; "our position on this bill is still undecided"; "our lawsuit is still undetermined" (同)undecided, undetermined, unresolved
affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed; "an open door"; "they left the door open" (同)unfastened
(set theory) of an interval that contains neither of its endpoints
accessible to all; "open season"; "an open economy"
affording free passage or access; "open drains"; "the road is open to traffic"; "open ranks"
begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc.; "He opened the meeting with a long speech"
display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer
have an opening or passage or outlet; "The bedrooms open into the hall"
having no protecting cover or enclosure; "an open boat"; "an open fire"; "open sports cars"
make the opening move; "Kasparov opened with a standard opening"
not having been filled; "the job is still open"
not requiring union membership; "an open shop employs nonunion workers"
open to or in view of all; "an open protest"; "an open letter to the editor"
ready for business; "the stores are open"
first or beginning; "the memorable opening bars of Beethovens Fifth"; "the plays opening scene"
opportunity especially for employment or promotion; "there is an opening in the sales department"
a recognized sequence of moves at the beginning of a game of chess; "he memorized all the important chess openings" (同)chess opening
a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door"
becoming open or being made open; "the opening of his arms was the sign I was waiting for"
the act of opening something; "the ray of light revealed his cautious opening of the door"
an open or empty space in or between things; "there was a small opening between the trees"; "the explosion made a gap in the wall" (同)gap
the first performance (as of a theatrical production); "the opening received good critical reviews" (同)opening_night, curtain raising
a ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise
the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme"
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant (同)pollenation
made open or clear; "the newly opened road"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『開く』,開ける;…‘の'ふた(おおい)をとる / …‘を'『切り開いて作る』,開拓する;…‘を'全開通させる《+『名』+『up,』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘を'『広げる』《+『up』+(『out』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』(『out』)》 / …‘を'『始める』 / …‘を'開業する,開店する,開場する / (人に)〈心など〉‘を'打ち明ける,〈秘密など〉‘を'漏らす《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (新思想などに)〈心・目〉‘を'開く《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈戸などが〉『開く』,あく / 〈花・つぼみが〉開く《+『out』》 / 〈学校などが〉『始まる』;〈店などが〉開く / 〈道路などが〉開通する / (…に)向かって開いている,(…に)通じている《+『out』『on』(『upon,to,onto』)+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈風景などが〉広がる,ひらける / 本を開く;(…)ページを開く《+『to』(《英》『at』)+『名』》 / (窓・口などが)『開いた』,開いている;(包みなどが)広げられて / (花が)咲いた / (店などが)『開いている』,開業している;(催し物が)『公開の』,だれでも入れる / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ふたのしてない,屋根のない,おおいのない / 広く開いた,さえぎるものがない / 公然の / 率直な,遠慮しない / さらされている,無防備の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(職・地位などが)空位の;(時間などが)あいている / (問題・議事などが)未解決の / 凍結しない,雪や霜の降らない;温和な / (漁・猟が)解禁の / (音声が)開口音の;開音節の / 《the~》戸外,野外 / 空き地;(樹木のない)開けた場所,平野
〈C〉(森・垣根・壁などの)空いている所;空き地;すき間,穴 / 〈C〉(物語・会議などの)始め,出だし,冒頭(beginning) / 〈C〉(…の地位の)空き,就職口《+『for』(『at, in』)+『名』》(vacant) / 〈C〉(劇などの)初演 / 〈U〉(…が)開くこと,あくこと《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)よい機会,好機《+『for』+『名』》 / 初めの,開始の
授粉[作用]
=op art

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/29 09:25:37」(JST)

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Detasseling corn (maize) plants from one variety in a field where two varieties are planted. The male flowers are removed so that all seeds are hybrids sired from the second variety.

The terms "open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants.

True-breeding definition

"Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true." When the plants of an open-pollinated variety self-pollinate, or are pollinated by another representative of the same variety, the resulting seeds will produce plants roughly identical to their parents. This is in contrast to the seeds produced by plants that are the result of a recent cross (such as, but not confined to, an F1 hybrid), which are likely to show a wide variety of differing characteristics. Open-pollinated varieties are also often referred to as standard varieties or, when the seeds have been saved across generations or across several decades, heirloom varieties.^[1] While heirlooms are usually open-pollinated, open-pollinated seeds are not necessarily heirlooms; open-pollinated varieties are still being developed.

One of the challenges in maintaining an open-pollinated variety is avoiding introduction of pollen from other strains. Based on how broadly the pollen for the plant tends to disperse, it can be controlled to varying degrees by greenhouses, tall wall enclosures, field isolation, or other techniques.

Because they breed true, the seeds of open-pollinated plants are often saved by home gardeners and farmers. ^[2] Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables.

Uncontrolled pollination definition

A second use of the term "open pollination" refers to pollination by insects, birds, wind, or other natural mechanisms. This can be contrasted with cleistogamy, closed pollination, which is one of the many types of self pollination.^[3] When used in this sense, open pollination may contrast with controlled pollination, a procedure used to ensure that all seeds of a crop are descended from parents with known traits, and are therefore more likely to have the desired traits.

The seeds of open-pollinated plants will produce new generations of those plants; however, because breeding is uncontrolled and the pollen (male parent) source is unknown, open pollination may result in plants that vary widely in genetic traits. Open pollination may increase biodiversity.

Some plants (such as many crops) are primarily self pollenizing and also breed true, so that even under open pollination conditions the next generation will be (almost) the same. Even among true breeding organisms, some variation due to genetic recombination or to mutation can produce a few "off types".

Relationship to hybridization

Hybrid pollination, a type of controlled pollination in which the pollen comes from a different strain (or species), can be used to increase crop suitability, especially through heterosis. The resulting hybrid strain can sometimes be inbred and selected for desired traits until a strain that breeds true by open pollination is achieved. The result is referred to as a inbred hybrid strain. To add some confusion, the term hybrid inbred applies to hybrids that are made from selected inbred lines that have certain desired characteristics (see inbreeding). The latter type of hybrid is sometimes designated F1 hybrid, i.e. the first hybrid (filial) generation whose parents were (different) inbred lines.

References

^ Ashworth, Suzanne (1991). Seed to Seed. Chelsea Green Publishing Co. pp. 13–16.
^ Ashworth, Suzanne (1991). Seed to Seed. Chelsea Green Publishing Co. pp. 13–16.
^ Kearns, C.A.; Inouye, D.W. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

The influence of herbivory on pre- and postzygotic stages of reproduction following open, self, and outcross pollination.

Ghyselen C1, Bonte D2, Brys R3.
American journal of botany.Am J Bot.2015 Dec;102(12):2013-9. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500291. Epub 2015 Dec 15.
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Herbivory affects pollination success and reproductive output in plants. However, the different stages in the process from pollination to seed maturation have hardly been investigated within the context of herbivory. Herbivory might affect these stages via its effect on geitono
PMID 26672010

Pollination ecology and reproductive biology of Canarium strictum Roxb. from evergreen forests of Central Western Ghats, India.

Kumar CN, Somashekar RK, Nagaraja BC, Shivaprasad D.
Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India.J Environ Biol.2015 Sep;36(5):1131-6.
Pollination and reproductive biology of a dioecious tree Canarium strictum Roxb. (Burseraceae) was extensively studied within the Agumbe forest range of Western Ghats, Karnataka to identify primary pollen vectors and to enumerate interrelationship with the pollinators. The study also investigated ph
PMID 26521556

Microspore culture reveals complex meiotic behaviour in a trigenomic Brassica hybrid.

Mason AS1,2,3, Takahira J4, Atri C5,6, Samans B7, Hayward A8,9, Cowling WA10, Batley J11,12,13, Nelson MN14,15.
BMC plant biology.BMC Plant Biol.2015 Jul 8;15:173. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0555-9.
BACKGROUND: Development of synthetic allohexaploid Brassica (2n = AABBCC) would be beneficial for agriculture, as allelic contributions from three genomes could increase hybrid vigour and broaden adaptation. Microspore culture of a near-allohexaploid hybrid derived from the cross (B. napus ×�
PMID 26152188

Japanese Journal

キウイフルーツ新品種「甘うぃ」の育成

朝隈英昭,藤島宏之,村本晃司 [他]
福岡県農業総合試験場研究報告 (33), 24-28,63, 2014-03
NAID 40020020649

Efficiency of Hybrid Formation by Open-pollination of Two Cultivars in a Closed Plastic House and the Effect of the Male Parent on Fruit Characteristics in Mango

Honsho Chitose,Inada Marie,Yuji Ken-ichi [他]
Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 81(1), 27-34, 2012-01
NAID 40019137045

Efficiency of Hybrid Formation by Open-pollination of Two Cultivars in a Closed Plastic House and the Effect of the Male Parent on Fruit Characteristics in Mango

本勝千歳,稲田真梨江,湯地健一,戸敷正浩,黒木重文,神崎真哉,鉄村琢哉
Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 81(1), 27-34, 2012
… However, since individual mango flowers are quite small, no more than 1 cm in diameter, a large number of skilled workers is necessary for artificial pollination, thus making it difficult to obtain a sufficient number of progenies for breeding. … We therefore evaluated a methodology whereby progenies were obtained by open pollination and their male parent was subsequently determined by DNA markers. …
NAID 130004510738