WordNet

without undue constriction as from e.g. tenseness or inhibition; "the clarity and resonance of an open tone"; "her natural and open response"
a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water; "finally broke out of the forest into the open" (同)clear
information that has become public; "all the reports were out in the open"; "the facts had been brought to the surface" (同)surface
a tournament in which both professionals and amateurs may play
become available; "an opportunity opened up" (同)open_up
become open; "The door opened" (同)open_up
cause to open or to become open; "Mary opened the car door" (同)open_up
make available; "This opens up new possibilities" (同)open_up
start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning; "open a business" (同)open_up
not sealed or having been unsealed; "the letter was already open"; "the opened package lay on the table" (同)opened
used of mouth or eyes; "keep your eyes open"; "his mouth slightly opened" (同)opened
not brought to a conclusion; subject to further thought; "an open question"; "our position on this bill is still undecided"; "our lawsuit is still undetermined" (同)undecided, undetermined, unresolved
affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed; "an open door"; "they left the door open" (同)unfastened
(set theory) of an interval that contains neither of its endpoints
accessible to all; "open season"; "an open economy"
affording free passage or access; "open drains"; "the road is open to traffic"; "open ranks"
begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc.; "He opened the meeting with a long speech"
display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer
have an opening or passage or outlet; "The bedrooms open into the hall"
having no protecting cover or enclosure; "an open boat"; "an open fire"; "open sports cars"
make the opening move; "Kasparov opened with a standard opening"
not having been filled; "the job is still open"
not requiring union membership; "an open shop employs nonunion workers"
open to or in view of all; "an open protest"; "an open letter to the editor"
ready for business; "the stores are open"
first or beginning; "the memorable opening bars of Beethovens Fifth"; "the plays opening scene"
opportunity especially for employment or promotion; "there is an opening in the sales department"
a recognized sequence of moves at the beginning of a game of chess; "he memorized all the important chess openings" (同)chess opening
a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door"
becoming open or being made open; "the opening of his arms was the sign I was waiting for"
the act of opening something; "the ray of light revealed his cautious opening of the door"
an open or empty space in or between things; "there was a small opening between the trees"; "the explosion made a gap in the wall" (同)gap
the first performance (as of a theatrical production); "the opening received good critical reviews" (同)opening_night, curtain raising
a ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise
the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme"
fertilize by transfering pollen (同)pollenate, cross-pollinate
made open or clear; "the newly opened road"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『開く』,開ける;…‘の'ふた(おおい)をとる / …‘を'『切り開いて作る』,開拓する;…‘を'全開通させる《+『名』+『up,』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘を'『広げる』《+『up』+(『out』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』(『out』)》 / …‘を'『始める』 / …‘を'開業する,開店する,開場する / (人に)〈心など〉‘を'打ち明ける,〈秘密など〉‘を'漏らす《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (新思想などに)〈心・目〉‘を'開く《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈戸などが〉『開く』,あく / 〈花・つぼみが〉開く《+『out』》 / 〈学校などが〉『始まる』;〈店などが〉開く / 〈道路などが〉開通する / (…に)向かって開いている,(…に)通じている《+『out』『on』(『upon,to,onto』)+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈風景などが〉広がる,ひらける / 本を開く;(…)ページを開く《+『to』(《英》『at』)+『名』》 / (窓・口などが)『開いた』,開いている;(包みなどが)広げられて / (花が)咲いた / (店などが)『開いている』,開業している;(催し物が)『公開の』,だれでも入れる / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ふたのしてない,屋根のない,おおいのない / 広く開いた,さえぎるものがない / 公然の / 率直な,遠慮しない / さらされている,無防備の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(職・地位などが)空位の;(時間などが)あいている / (問題・議事などが)未解決の / 凍結しない,雪や霜の降らない;温和な / (漁・猟が)解禁の / (音声が)開口音の;開音節の / 《the~》戸外,野外 / 空き地;(樹木のない)開けた場所,平野
〈C〉(森・垣根・壁などの)空いている所;空き地;すき間,穴 / 〈C〉(物語・会議などの)始め,出だし,冒頭(beginning) / 〈C〉(…の地位の)空き,就職口《+『for』(『at, in』)+『名』》(vacant) / 〈C〉(劇などの)初演 / 〈U〉(…が)開くこと,あくこと《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)よい機会,好機《+『for』+『名』》 / 初めの,開始の
〈めしべなど〉に授粉する
=op art

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/22 18:29:01」(JST)

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Detasseling corn (maize) plants from one variety in a field where two varieties are planted. The male flowers are removed so that all seeds are hybrids sired from the second variety.

The terms "open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants.

True-breeding definition

"Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true." When the plants of an open-pollinated variety self-pollinate, or are pollinated by another representative of the same variety, the resulting seeds will produce plants roughly identical to their parents. This is in contrast to the seeds produced by plants that are the result of a recent cross (such as, but not confined to, an F1 hybrid), which are likely to show a wide variety of differing characteristics. Open-pollinated varieties are also often referred to as standard varieties or, when the seeds have been saved across generations or across several decades, heirloom varieties.^[1] While heirlooms are usually open-pollinated, open-pollinated seeds are not necessarily heirlooms; open-pollinated varieties are still being developed.

One of the challenges in maintaining an open-pollinated variety is avoiding introduction of pollen from other strains. Based on how broadly the pollen for the plant tends to disperse, it can be controlled to varying degrees by greenhouses, tall wall enclosures, field isolation, or other techniques.

Because they breed true, the seeds of open-pollinated plants are often saved by home gardeners and farmers. ^[2] Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables.

Uncontrolled pollination definition

A second use of the term "open pollination" refers to pollination by insects, birds, wind, or other natural mechanisms. This can be contrasted with cleistogamy, closed pollination, which is one of the many types of self pollination.^[3] When used in this sense, open pollination may contrast with controlled pollination, a procedure used to ensure that all seeds of a crop are descended from parents with known traits, and are therefore more likely to have the desired traits.

The seeds of open-pollinated plants will produce new generations of those plants; however, because breeding is uncontrolled and the pollen (male parent) source is unknown, open pollination may result in plants that vary widely in genetic traits. Open pollination may increase biodiversity.

Some plants (such as many crops) are primarily self pollenizing and also breed true, so that even under open pollination conditions the next generation will be (almost) the same. Even among true breeding organisms, some variation due to genetic recombination or to mutation can produce a few "off types".

Relationship to hybridization

Hybrid pollination, a type of controlled pollination in which the pollen comes from a different strain (or species), can be used to increase crop suitability, especially through heterosis. The resulting hybrid strain can sometimes be inbred and selected for desired traits until a strain that breeds true by open pollination is achieved. The result is referred to as a inbred hybrid strain. To add some confusion, the term hybrid inbred applies to hybrids that are made from selected inbred lines that have certain desired characteristics (see inbreeding). The latter type of hybrid is sometimes designated F1 hybrid, i.e. the first hybrid (filial) generation whose parents were (different) inbred lines.

References

^ Ashworth, Suzanne (1991). Seed to Seed. Chelsea Green Publishing Co. pp. 13–16.
^ Ashworth, Suzanne (1991). Seed to Seed. Chelsea Green Publishing Co. pp. 13–16.
^ Kearns, C.A.; Inouye, D.W. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Implementation of the Realized Genomic Relationship Matrix to Open-Pollinated White Spruce Family Testing for Disentangling Additive from Non-additive Genetic Effects.

Gamal El-Dien O1, Ratcliffe B2, Klápště J3, Porth I4, Chen C5, El-Kassaby YA6.
G3 (Bethesda, Md.).G3 (Bethesda).2016 Jan 22. pii: g3.115.025957. doi: 10.1534/g3.115.025957. [Epub ahead of print]
The open-pollinated (OP) family testing combines the simplest known progeny evaluation and quantitative genetics analyses as candidates' offspring are assumed to represent independent half-sib families. The accuracy of genetic parameter estimates is often questioned as the assumption of "half-siblin
PMID 26801647

Limited variation found among Norway spruce half-sib families in physiological response to drought and resistance to embolism.

Chmura DJ1, Guzicka M2, McCulloh KA3, Żytkowiak R2.
Tree physiology.Tree Physiol.2016 Jan 19. pii: tpv141. [Epub ahead of print]
Projections of future climates suggest that droughts (Ds) may become more frequent and severe in many regions. Genetic variation, especially within populations in traits related to D resistance, is poorly investigated in forest trees, but this knowledge is necessary to better understand how forests
PMID 26786539

Genetic control of cuticular wax compounds in Eucalyptus globulus.

Gosney BJ1, Potts BM1, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM1, Vaillancourt RE1, Fitzgerald H1, Davies NW2, Freeman JS1.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2016 Jan;209(1):202-15. doi: 10.1111/nph.13600. Epub 2015 Aug 11.
Plant cuticular wax compounds perform functions that are essential for the survival of terrestrial plants. Despite their importance, the genetic control of these compounds is poorly understood outside of model taxa. Here we investigate the genetic basis of variation in cuticular compounds in Eucalyp
PMID 26262563

Japanese Journal

ブンタン'晩白柚'［Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.］から得た倍加半数体の形態的特徴とその生殖機能

八幡昌紀,糠谷綱希,周藤美希 [他],太田知宏,安田喜一,稲垣栄洋,向井啓雄,原田久,高木敏彦,小松春喜,國武久登
The Horticulture Journal 84(1), 30-36, 2015
本研究では，カンキツの倍加半数体に関する基礎的情報を得るために，ブンタン'晩白柚'［C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.］から得た半数体の腋芽へのコルヒチン処理から誘導した倍加半数体植物の形態調査を行った．さらに，倍加半数体の生殖機能を評価するために，二倍体カンキツとの正逆交雑を行った．倍加半数体の葉，花および果実は半数体と比較して有意に大きかった．また，倍加半数体は，半数体と比べ，花粉 …
NAID 130005065757

Wood properties and their among-family variations in 10 open-pollinated families of Picea jezoensis

Tanabe Jun,Tamura Akira,Hamanaka Mika [他]
Journal of wood science 60(5), 297-304, 2014
NAID 40020231446

Bee pollination of the endangered orchid Calanthe discolor through a generalized food-deceptive system

Suetsugu Kenji,Fukushima Shigeki
Plant Systematics and Evolution 300(3), 453-459, 2013-08-23
… The fruit set for the open-pollinated flowers was less than 10 %, suggesting a high degree of pollinator limitation, possibly as a result of the deceptive nature of this species. … discolor and its close relative Calanthe striata, because the latter species is known to be exclusively pollinated by carpenter bee. …
NAID 120005587818