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leaking out slowly (同)oozy, seeping

PrepTutorEJDIC

にじり出る,じくじくする / どろどろした,泥のような
《俗》はでな身なりのじだらくな女
頭がぼんやりした,目まいがする
《話》酔っぱらった,大酒飲み

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/18 09:05:55」(JST)

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For the machine learning project, see Apache Mahout

Mahout on an elephant; gouache on paper

The Mughal Emperor Akbar on an Mahout, crossing the Ganges River.

A mahout is a person who rides an elephant. The word mahout comes from the Hindi words mahaut (महौत) and mahavat (महावत) Usually, a mahout starts as a boy in the 'family business' when he is assigned an elephant early in its life and they would be attached to each other throughout the elephant's life.

The most common tools used by mahouts are chains and the Aṅkuśa (or ankus, anlius) –a sharp metal hook used in the training and handling of the elephant by stabbing the elephant in the head, and in areas like the mouth and inner ear, where the animal is most sensitive.

Devices used to control elephants in India

Fig. 6. Antique steel hook used by elephant riders

In India, especially Kerala, mahouts use three types of device to control elephants. The thotti (hook), which is 3.5 feet in length and 3 inches thick; the valiya kol (long pole), which is 10.5 feet in length and 5.5 inches in thickness; and the cheru kol (short pole).

Use of elephants in Thailand

Deeply rooted in Thai culture, elephant training has traditionally been a familial heritage passed down through the generations. Before 1989, most domestic elephants were used for logging business and forest service to haul logs up mountains. This became illegal as widespread destruction of Thailand's forests resulted in worsening monsoons. Unlike the elephant populations of India and Africa, 95% of Thailand's elephants are domesticated working elephants and privately owned. Today most work for mahouts is in the tourist business, since elephant rides are popular among travelers to Thailand.

In Thailand, tame elephants are regarded as a type of livestock and are not covered under Thailand's Conservation Act of 1992. If legally owned, there is minimal protection or welfare for them under Thai law.

The tourist experience of elephants in Thailand usually includes any combination of the following: elephant rides, trekking with elephants, elephant shows, and/or elephants begging on the streets of the big cities. Street begging elephants are used by mahouts who charge tourists to feed them. In some areas of Thailand, this practice became illegal due to the traffic dangers posed, however street begging elephants are still a common sight in Bangkok and Chiang Mai.

The Elephant Nature Park in Northern Thailand aims to "provide a sanctuary and rescue centre for elephants". The majority of the elephants at the park were rescued after sustaining life-threatening injuries from phajaan. Most of these elephants have permanent physical and mental injuries, including blindness, broken backs or legs, abscesses, and post traumatic stress.

Similarly, the Elephant Refuge and Education Centre (EREC) run by the Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand, provides a refuge for elephants who have been rescued after decades of backbreaking work - formerly in the logging industry, but more recently in the tourist industry, working in camps and begging on the streets.

Terminology

Another term for mahout is cornac (as in French, from the Portuguese; kornak in Polish, also a rather current last name).^{[citation needed]} In Tamil, the word used is "pahan", which means elephant keeper, and in Sinhalese kurawanayaka ('stable master'). In Malayalam the word used is paappaan.

Mahout with a young elephant at Elephant Nature Park, Thailand

In Burma, the profession is called oozie; in Thailand kwan-chang; and in Vietnam quản tượng.

Miscellaneous

Elephants have been integral to politics and the economy in Africa and Asia. Many elephants are given away on requests of the ministers and politicians of the government, and sometimes as gifts. Elephants traditionally work for the forest service and for the logging business.

In India there has been controversy over elephants attacking mahouts and villagers due to the torture some elephants endure from their mahouts, especially during Kerala festivals. More than 90% of the elephants in Kerala have been illegally obtained.

The Singapore Zoo features a show called "elephants at work and play", where the elephants' caretakers are referred to as "mahouts", and demonstrate how elephants are used as beasts of burden in south-east Asia. The verbal commands given to the elephants by the mahouts are all in Sinhalese, one of the two official languages of Sri Lanka.

In popular culture

A shop display advertising "Mahout" cigarettes features prominently in the background of the "rain dance" sequence of the famous 1952 Gene Kelly film Singin' in the Rain. The word "mahout" also features in the lyrics of the song "Drop the Pilot", by Joan Armatrading.

Literature

In George Orwell's essay "Shooting an Elephant" it is said that "It's [The Elephant] Mahout, is the only person who could control it."

References

National Geographic
The Hindu
Frontline
Elephant glossary
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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Singh S1, Khaitan BK, Sharma MC, Seenu V, Kumawat M, Chatterjee P.
Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.2013 Mar-Apr;79(2):227-30. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.107643.
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Allergic contact dermatitis to superglue.

Sornakumar L1, Shanmugasekar C, Rai R, Priya S.
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Wigs are commonly used to cover baldness. A 28 year old male presented with itchy oozy eythematous lesions on the forehead where the wig was afixed to the scalp. Patch testing with indian standard seies and dental series revealed positivity to 2-hydroxy ethyl meta acrylate present in superglue. We r
PMID 23960399

Modified Ross procedure with stentless bioprosthesis and pericardial xenograft for the right ventricular outflow tract. Usefulness of autologous pericardial patch for hemostasis.

Minami H1, Wakita N, Mimura T, Inoue K, Sakata M, Okita Y.
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A 31-year-old man with severe aortic regurgitation due to a defective bicuspid valve underwent surgery using modified Ross procedure. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) was reconstructed with a 25 mm stentless xenograft valve sutured with a rolled equine pericardium. Oozy bleeding from the R
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Japanese Journal

黄色靱帯内血腫による両下肢不全麻痺の1例

整形外科と災害外科 49(2), 453-457, 2000-03-25
NAID 10010025640

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日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 34(6), 1313-1317_1, 1992
NAID 130004253283

消化管出血に対する内視鏡的マイクロ波組織凝固法の有用性　　特に動脈性出血に対して

日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 31(8), 2072-2077, 1989
NAID 130004089436

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