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seized and controlled as by military invasion; "the occupied countries of Europe"
resided in; having tenants; "not all the occupied (or tenanted) apartments were well kept up" (同)tenanted
held or filled or in use; "she keeps her time well occupied"; "the wc is occupied"
lived in by the owner; "one owner-occupied and three rental apartments"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/13 22:57:10」(JST)

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Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Military government may be broadly characterized as the administration or supervision of occupied territory, or as the governmental form of such an administration. Military government is distinguished from martial law, which is the temporary rule by domestic armed forces over disturbed areas.

The rules of military government are delineated in various international agreements, primarily the Hague Convention of 1907, the Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as established state practice. The relevant international conventions, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Commentaries, and other treaties by military scholars provide guidelines on such topics as rights and duties of the occupying power, protection of civilians, treatment of prisoners of war, coordination of relief efforts, issuance of travel documents, property rights of the populace, handling of cultural and art objects, management of refugees, and other concerns which are very important both before and after the cessation of hostilities. A country that establishes a military government and violates internationally agreed upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation. In the current era, the practices of military government have largely become a part of customary international law, and form a part of the laws of war.

Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare specify that "[t]erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." The form of administration by which an occupying power exercises government authority over occupied territory is called "military government." Neither the Hague Conventions nor the Geneva Conventions specifically define or distinguish an act of "invasion." The terminology of "occupation" is used exclusively.

Military occupation and the laws of war

From the second half of the 18th century onwards, international law has come to distinguish between the military occupation of a country and territorial acquisition by invasion and annexation, the difference between the two being originally expounded upon by Emerich de Vattel in The Law of Nations (1758). The clear distinction has been recognized among the principles of international law since the end of the Napoleonic wars in the 19th century. These customary laws of belligerent occupation which evolved as part of the laws of war gave some protection to the population under the military occupation of a belligerent power.

The Hague Convention of 1907 further clarified and supplemented these customary laws, specifically within "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State."^[8] The first two articles of that section state:

Art. 42.

Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army.

The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.

Art. 43.

The authority of the legitimate power having in fact passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all the measures in his power to restore, and ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country.

In 1949 these laws governing belligerent occupation of an enemy state's territory were further extended by the adoption of the Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV). Much of GCIV is relevant to protected persons in occupied territories and Section III: Occupied territories is a specific section covering the issue.

Article 6 restricts the length of time that most of GCIV applies:

The present Convention shall apply from the outset of any conflict or occupation mentioned in Article 2.

In the territory of Parties to the conflict, the application of the present Convention shall cease on the general close of military operations.

In the case of occupied territory, the application of the present Convention shall cease one year after the general close of military operations; however, the Occupying Power shall be bound, for the duration of the occupation, to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in such territory, by the provisions of the following Articles of the present Convention: 1 to 12, 27, 29 to 34, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 61 to 77, 143.

GCIV emphasised an important change in international law. The United Nations Charter (June 26, 1945) had prohibited war of aggression (See articles 1.1, 2.3, 2.4) and GCIV Article 47, the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the territorial gains which could be made through war by stating:

Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory.

Article 49 prohibits the forced mass movement of people out of or into occupied state's territory:

Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

Protocol I (1977): "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts" has additional articles which cover military occupation but many countries including the U.S. are not signatory to this additional protocol.

In the situation of a territorial cession as the result of war, the specification of a "receiving country" in the peace treaty merely means that the country in question is authorized by the international community to establish civil government in the territory. The military government of the principal occupying power will continue past the point in time when the peace treaty comes into force, until it is legally supplanted.

"Military government continues until legally supplanted" is the rule, as stated in Military Government and Martial Law, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd edition 1914.

Beginning of military government

Stamp of the Belgian Military Occupation in East Africa, captured from the Germans during World War I

There does not have to be a formal announcement of the beginning of "military government," nor is there any requirement of a specific number of people to be in place, or "on site" before military government can be said to have commenced.

See Birkhimer, p. 25–26:

No proclamation of part of the victorious commander is necessary to the lawful inauguration and enforcement of military government. That government results from the fact that the former sovereignty is ousted, and the opposing army now has control. Yet the issuing such proclamation is useful as publishing to all living in the district occupied those rules of conduct which will govern the conqueror in the exercise of his authority. Wellington, indeed, as previously mentioned, said that the commander is bound to lay down distinctly the rules according to which his will is to be carried out. But the laws of war do not imperatively require this, and in very many instances it is not done. When it is not, the mere fact that the country is militarily occupied by the enemy is deemed sufficient notification to all concerned that the regular has been supplanted by a military government.

The occupying power

The terminology of "the occupying power" as spoken of in the laws of war is most properly rendered as "the principal occupying power," or alternatively as "the occupying power." This is because the law of agency is always available (When the administrative authority for the military occupation of particular areas is delegated to other troops, a "principal -- agent" relationship is in effect).^[9]

Because the law of agency is a very general pattern, primarily appliable in this case as the means of regulating the relationships between the said "powers", but a question however in which considerations of logistics are sometimes to be taken in consideration, that definition is not always appliable outside of those contexts which can be analysed by analogy as related to warlording, even though it does relate more generally to all possible types of military coalitions.

In most contexts determined by the application of the defined and modern laws of war, delegation to agencies generally tends to relating to civilian organizations. Juridical considerations like the above remain in the other cases merely consensual between the said powers. For example, in 1948 the U.S. Military Tribunal in Nuremberg states:

In belligerent occupation the occupying power does not hold enemy territory by virtue of any legal right. On the contrary, it merely exercises a precarious and temporary actual control. This can be seen from Article 42 of the Hague Regulations which grants certain well limited rights to a military occupant only in enemy territory which is 'actually placed' under his control.

^[10]

The conqueror is the principal occupying power.

End of military government

Rule: Military government continues until legally supplanted.

This is explained as follows. For the situation where no territorial cession is involved, the military government of the principal occupying power will end with the coming into force of the peace settlement.

Example: (1) Japan after WWII. Japan regained its sovereignty with the coming into force of the San Francisco Peace Treaty on April 28, 1952. In other words, a civil government for Japan was in place and functioning as of this date.

In the situation of a territorial cession, there must be a formal peace treaty. However, the military government of the principal occupying power does not end with the coming into force of the peace treaty.

Example: (1) Puerto Rico after the Spanish–American War. Military government continued in Puerto Rico past the coming into force of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 on April 11, 1899, and only ended on May 1, 1900 with the beginning of Puerto Rico's civil government.

Example: (2) Cuba after the Spanish–American War. Military government continued in Cuba past the coming into force of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 on April 11, 1899, and only ended on May 20, 1902 with the beginning of the Republic of Cuba's civil government.

Hence, at the most basic level, the terminology of "legally supplanted" is interpreted to mean "legally supplanted by a civil government fully recognized by the national (or "federal") government of the principal occupying power."

Examples of military occupations

In most wars some territory is placed under the authority of the hostile army. Most military occupations end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases the occupied territory is returned and in others the land remains under the control of the occupying power but usually not as militarily occupied territory. Sometimes the status of presences is disputed by a party to the situation.

Military occupation is usually a temporary phase, preceding either the handing back of the territory, or its annexation. The world's longest ongoing military occupation, and the longest in modern times, is Israel’s occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.^[11] Other contemporary military occupations include the occupation of Northern Cyprus by Turkey.

References

^ A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
^ ^a ^b Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
^ Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
^ During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21. [1]
^ David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
^ Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608. The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each
^ Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
^ Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State source The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
^ Anonymous. "Chapter 5 – Definitions of Important Terminology and Concepts Related to Territorial Cessions". The True Legal Relationship between Taiwan & the USA. www.taiwanbasic.com. Retrieved December 2013. ^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Yutaka Arai Takahashi (2009). The Law of Occupation: Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-04-16246-4.
^
The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.
See for example:
- Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0520241940. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
- Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). "Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem". New Left Review 10. ...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
- Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393338447. ...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
- Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). "The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross 94 (885). doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
- Said, Edward (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. Pluto Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780745320175. These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old, pushing the record.
- Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012), The Justice of Occupation, The New York Times, Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
- Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780199685424. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.

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English Journal

A DFT study on structures, frontier molecular orbitals and UV-vis spectra of RuX(PPh3)(NHCPh2)L (X=Tp and Cp; L=Cl and N3).

Wang TH1, Wang IT2, Huang WL3, Huang LY3.Author information 1Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Electronic address: tsanghsiu@gmail.com.2Office of Research and Development, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan.3Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.AbstractGeometry optimization for RuX(PPh3)(NHCPh2)(L) (X=hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) and cyclopentadiene (Cp); L=Cl and N3) are investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) with DZVP2/DZVP all-electron mixed basis sets and compared with available experimental values, and the calculated structures are in very good agreement with experimental data. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and electronic transitions have been investigated as well. Our calculations show that the π electron-rich ligand (N3) may increase the energies of occupied orbitals and reduce the energy gap of the HOMO-LUMO (ΔEL-H) in these ruthenium based complexes. The simulated UV-vis spectra of these complexes in methanol have been studied with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), and conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) was employed to account for the solvent effects. Our results show that a number of absorption peaks are found in the visible region (400-800nm) with non-zero oscillator strengths. The strongest adsorption feature is associated to a transition from HOMO-2 to LUMO, which is assigned to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) or metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT/LLCT) depending on co-ligands. In addition, the Cp group increases electron-accept ability and results in red shift due to its π electron-rich and π donor characters. According to our results, these ruthenium based complexes are good candidates for dye-sensitized solar cell owing to their absorption intensities and rich absorption bands in the visible region.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Mar 5;121:650-6. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.107. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Geometry optimization for RuX(PPh3)(NHCPh2)(L) (X=hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) and cyclopentadiene (Cp); L=Cl and N3) are investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) with DZVP2/DZVP all-electron mixed basis sets and compared with available experimental values, and the calculated struc
PMID 24366160

Quantum chemical study on influence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the geometry, the atomic charges and the vibrational dynamics of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile.

Agarwal P1, Bee S2, Gupta A3, Tandon P1, Rastogi VK4, Mishra S5, Rawat P6.Author information 1Department of Physics, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India.2Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India.3Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India. Electronic address: drarchana.physics@gmail.com.4Aryan Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India.5Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.6Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India.AbstractFT-IR (4000-400cm(-1)) and FT-Raman (4000-200cm(-1)) spectral measurements on solid 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (2,6-DCBN) have been done. The molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies and bonding features in the ground state have been calculated by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) level. A comparison between the calculated and the experimental results covering the molecular structure has been made. The assignments of the fundamental vibrational modes have been done on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED). To investigate the influence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the geometry, the charge distribution and the vibrational spectrum of 2,6-DCBN; calculations have been done for the monomer as well as the tetramer. The intermolecular interaction energies corrected for basis set superposition error (BSSE) have been calculated using counterpoise method. Based on these results, the correlations between the vibrational modes and the structure of the tetramer have been discussed. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) contour map has been plotted in order to predict how different geometries could interact. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis has been done for the chemical interpretation of hyperconjugative interactions and electron density transfer between occupied (bonding or lone pair) orbitals to unoccupied (antibonding or Rydberg) orbitals. UV spectrum was measured in methanol solution. The energies and oscillator strengths were calculated by Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and matched to the experimental findings. TD-DFT method has also been used for theoretically studying the hydrogen bonding dynamics by monitoring the spectral shifts of some characteristic vibrational modes involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds in the ground and the first excited state. The (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated by the Gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with experimental results. Standard thermodynamic functions have been obtained and changes in thermodynamic properties on going from monomer to tetramer have been presented.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Mar 5;121:464-82. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.104. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
FT-IR (4000-400cm(-1)) and FT-Raman (4000-200cm(-1)) spectral measurements on solid 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (2,6-DCBN) have been done. The molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies and bonding features in the ground state have been calculated by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-3
PMID 24287056

Spectral studies of multi-branched fluorescence dyes based on triphenylpyridine core.

Wang HY1, Chen LF1, Zhu XL1, Wang C1, Wan Y2, Wu H3.Author information 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plant, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Xuzhou 221116, China.2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plant, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Xuzhou 221116, China. Electronic address: wanyu@jsnu.edu.cn.3School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plant, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Xuzhou 221116, China. Electronic address: wuhui72@yahoo.com.cn.AbstractA series of novel triphenylpyridine-containing triphenylamine derivatives have been carefully designed and prepared in good yields using the stepwise route reactions. The relationship of photoluminescence property and structure of compounds 9-13 was systematically investigated via UV-vis, fluorescence, thermogravimetric and electrochemical analyzer. The highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital distributions of compounds 9-13 were calculated by density functional theory method. The high fluorescence quantum yields, desirable the highest occupied molecular orbital levels and high thermal stability of compounds 9-13 indicate that the linkage of triphenylpyridine and triphenylamine is an efficient means to enhance hole-transporting ability and fluorescent quantum yield.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Mar 5;121:355-62. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.087. Epub 2013 Oct 28.
A series of novel triphenylpyridine-containing triphenylamine derivatives have been carefully designed and prepared in good yields using the stepwise route reactions. The relationship of photoluminescence property and structure of compounds 9-13 was systematically investigated via UV-vis, fluorescen
PMID 24287048

Vibrational spectra, optical properties, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analysis of L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalaninium Perchlorate: DFT calculations.

Elleuch N1, Ben Ahmed A2, Feki H2, Abid Y2, Minot C3.Author information 1Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée (LPA), Faculté des Sciences 3018, BP 802 Sfax, Tunisia. Electronic address: nabil.elleuch@gmail.com.2Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée (LPA), Faculté des Sciences 3018, BP 802 Sfax, Tunisia.3Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, France.AbstractIn this work, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of a nonlinear optical material, L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalaninium Perchlorate. Single crystals of the title compound have been grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution at room temperature. Theoretical calculations were preceded by redetermination of the crystal X-ray structure. The compound crystallizes in the non-centro symmetric space group P212121 of the orthorhombic system. The FT-IR and Raman spectra of the crystal were recorded and analyzed. The density functional theory (DFT) computations have been performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level to derive equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, intensity and NLO properties. All observed vibrational bands have been discussed and assigned to normal mode or to combinations on the basis of our DFT calculations as a primary source of attribution and also by comparison with the previous results for similar compounds. Natural bond orbital analysis was carried out to demonstrate the various inter-and intramolecular interaction that are responsible of the stabilization of the compound. The lowering of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap appears to be the cause of its enhanced charge transfer interaction leading to high NLO activity.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Mar 5;121:129-38. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.039. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
In this work, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of a nonlinear optical material, L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalaninium Perchlorate. Single crystals of the title compound have been grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution at room temperature. Theoretical calculations were pr
PMID 24231749

Japanese Journal

ジュニアドクター育成塾　―日本最大・最古の湖　びわ湖から学ぶガイアの世界―

熊谷道夫,青田容明,中島拓男
国立大学法人滋賀大学研究推進機構環境総合研究センター研究年報 16(1), 9-19, 2019-08-30
… On the other hand, we do not understand why the student majority of science courses in high schools and/or universities are occupied by boys in contrast to gender equality in other countries. …
NAID 120006733345

多相回路の雑音と占有面積に関する一検討

山路隆文,清水暁生
回路とシステムワークショップ論文集 Workshop on Circuits and Systems 32, 62-67, 2019-08-22
NAID 40021990927

送還、登録、法的地位 : 占領期在日中国・台湾人に対する移動管理の始動(1945-1947)

鶴園裕基
現代台湾研究 (49), 38-62, 2019-07-31
NAID 40022027214

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拡張検索	「highest occupied molecular orbital」「lowest unoccupied molecular orbital」「unoccupied」

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最高被占軌道、最高被占分子軌道

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非占有の

[1] A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.

[Benv-2] Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi

[3] Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59

[4] During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21. [1]

[5] David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59

[6] Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608. The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each

[7] Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation

[hague04_art41-8] Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State source The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School

[9] Anonymous. "Chapter 5 – Definitions of Important Terminology and Concepts Related to Territorial Cessions". The True Legal Relationship between Taiwan & the USA. www.taiwanbasic.com. Retrieved December 2013. ^{[unreliable source?]}

[10] Yutaka Arai Takahashi (2009). The Law of Occupation: Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-04-16246-4.

[11] The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.
See for example:

Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0520241940. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.

Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). "Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem". New Left Review 10. ...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year

Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393338447. ...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age

Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). "The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross 94 (885). doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s

Said, Edward (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. Pluto Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780745320175. These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old, pushing the record.

Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012), The Justice of Occupation, The New York Times, Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades

Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780199685424. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.

[12] Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0520241940. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.

[13] Anderson, Perry (July–August 2001). "Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem". New Left Review 10. ...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year

[14] Makdisi, Saree (2010). Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393338447. ...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age

[15] Kretzmer, David (Spring 2012). "The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross 94 (885). doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446. This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s

[16] Said, Edward (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. Pluto Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780745320175. These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old, pushing the record.

[17] Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012), The Justice of Occupation, The New York Times, Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades

[18] Weill, Sharon (2014). The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780199685424. Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.

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occupied