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small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/18 21:07:05」(JST)

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Neuroendocrine cells (neurosecretory cells) are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood. In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland) which releases adrenaline to the blood. The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system. The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters. Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones. In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together.

The major center of neuroendocrine integration in the body is found in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Here hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release factors to the blood. Some of these factors, released at the hypothalamic median eminence, control the secretion of pituitary hormones, while others (the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin) are released directly into the blood.

APUD cells are considered part of the neuroendocrine system, and share many staining properties with neuroendocrine cells.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells [edit]

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are specialized airway epithelial cells that occur as solitary cells or as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in the lung. They are located in the nasal respiratory epithelium, laryngeal mucosa and throughout the entire respiratory tract from the trachea to the terminal airways. PNEC and NEB exist from fetal stage and neonatal stage in lungs airway area.

These cells are bottle- or flask-like in shape, and reach from the basement membrane to the lumen. They can be distinguished by their profile of bioactive amines and peptides, namely serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), chromogranin A, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and cholecystokinin.

These cells can be the source of several types of lung cancer.^[1]

Function of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells [edit]

PNEC may play a role as chemoreceptors in hypoxia (medical) detection. This is best supported by the presence of an oxygen-sensitive potassium channel coupled to an oxygen sensory protein in the lumenal membrane in the rabbit. They are considered to be involved in regulating localized epithelial cell growth and regeneration through a paracrine mechanism, whereby their bioactive peptides are released into the environment. Additionally, they contain neuroactive substances which are released from their basal cytoplasm. These substances affect autonomic nerve terminals or vasculature in the lamina propria deep to the cells.

Role of PNEC in fetal lung [edit]

In the fetal lung, they are frequently located at the branching points of airway tubules, and in humans are present by 10 weeks gestation. Peptides and amines released by PNEC are involved in normal fetal lung development including branching morphogenesis. The best-characterized peptides are GRP, the mammalian form of bombesin, and CGRP; these substances exert direct mitogenic effects on epithelial cells and exhibit many growth factor-like properties.

Example [edit]

Specialized groups of neuroendocrine cells can be found at the base of the third ventricle in the brain (in a region called the hypothalamus). This area controls most anterior pituitary cells and thereby regulates functions in the entire body, like responses to stress, cold, sleep, and the reproductive system. The neurons send processes to a region connecting to the pituitary stalk and the hormones (called releasing or inhibiting hormones) are released into the blood stream. They are carried by portal vessels to the pituitary cells where they may stimulate, inhibit, or maintain the function of a particular cell type.

External links [edit]

Neuroendocrine at eMedicine Dictionary
Neuroendocrine System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

References [edit]

^ Chong S, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Kwon OJ, Kim TS (2006). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings". Radiographics 26 (1): 41–57; discussion 57–8. doi:10.1148/rg.261055057. PMID 16418242.

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2. メルケル細胞（神経内分泌）癌の病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis of merkel cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
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4. 末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の初期治療 initial treatment of peripheral t cell lymphoma
5. 皮下蜂窩織炎様T細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis like t cell lymphoma

English Journal

Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma, an Unusual Tumor of the Central Nervous System - Ultrastructural Examination.

Kakkar A1, Sable M1, Suri V1, Sarkar C1, Garg A2, Satyarthee GD3, Sharma MC1.
Ultrastructural pathology.Ultrastruct Pathol.2015 Dec;39(6):419-23. doi: 10.3109/01913123.2015.1027435. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is a rare tumor of the central nervous system which shows neuronal and variable astrocytic differentiation, along with foci of lipomatous differentiation. It is usually located in the cerebellum, and may be mistaken for medulloblastoma with lipidized cells or lipomatous ep
PMID 26107691

REST Regulates Non-Cell-Autonomous Neuronal Differentiation and Maturation of Neural Progenitor Cells via Secretogranin II.

Kim HJ1, Denli AM1, Wright R1, Baul TD1, Clemenson GD1, Morcos AS2, Zhao C1, Schafer ST1, Gage FH3, Kagalwala MN3.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2015 Nov 4;35(44):14872-84. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4286-14.2015.
RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), a master negative regulator of neuronal differentiation, controls neurogenesis by preventing the differentiation of neural stem cells. Here we focused on the role of REST in the early steps of differentiation and maturation of adult hippocampal progenitors
PMID 26538656

Induction of hypertension blunts baroreflex inhibition of vasopressin neurons in the rat.

Han SY1,2, Bouwer GT1,2, Seymour AJ1,2, Korpal AK1,2, Schwenke DO2, Brown CH1,2.
The European journal of neuroscience.Eur J Neurosci.2015 Nov;42(9):2690-8. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13062. Epub 2015 Oct 5.
Vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland is determined by action potential discharge of hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Vasopressin is a potent vasoconstrictor, but vasopressin levels are paradoxically elevated in some patients with established hypertension. To deter
PMID 26342194

Japanese Journal

遺伝子改変技術を用いたオキシトシンニューロンの蛍光タンパクによる可視化の試み

加藤明子,上田陽一,鈴木秀明
産業医科大学雑誌 35(2), 165-171, 2013-06-01
下垂体後葉ホルモンの一つであるオキシトシンは,視床下部室傍核および視索上核に局在する大細胞性神経分泌ニューロンの細胞体で産生され,下垂体後葉に投射した軸索終末から血中に分泌される.血中オキシトシンは,分娩時の子宮筋収縮や授乳時の射乳反射に関与することはよく知られている.最近,オキシトシン受容体が脳内にも豊富に存在し,親子の絆,信頼感などの高次脳機能に関与することが報告され,注目を集めている.これま …
NAID 110009615293

コガネグモの視神経遠心性細胞の脳内での形態と脳内光感受性細胞の存在部位

上妻多紀子,山下茂樹
芸術工学研究 : 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院紀要 18, 9-15, 2013
… Lucifer yellow applied to the cut end of the optic nerves marked cell bodies of the efferent neurons within the neurosecretory cell groups in the protocerebrum, just in front of the central body, and in the lower edge of the protocerebrum, near the circumesophageal connectives. …
NAID 120005227449

Identification of a cis-regulatory element that directs prothoracicotropic hormone gene expression in the silkworm Bombyx mori

INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 41(6), 356-361, 2011-06
… Using an AcNPV (Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus)mediated transient gene transfer system, we identified a cis-regulatory element that participates in the decision to switch expression of PTTH on or off in PTTH-producing neurosecretory cells (PTPCs). … Therefore, we propose that the cell-specific expression of two neuropeptide hormone genes, PITH and DH-PBAN, is activated by the Pitx transcription factor, which may act as a pan-activator in the insect neuroendocrine system and in vertebrate pituitary cells. …
NAID 80021794454