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Neurosecretion is the storage, synthesis and release of hormones from neurons. These neurohormones, produced by neurosecretory cells, are normally secreted from nerve cells in the brain that then circulate into the blood. These neurohormones are similar to nonneural endocrine cells and glands in that they also regulate both endocrine and nonendocrine cells. Neurosecretion cells also release their product farther than normal neurons, which only secrete short distances, into the extracellular space some distance from the target cell.^[1]^[2]

Discovery

In 1928, Ernst Scharrer hypothesized that neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus of teleost fish, Phoxinus laevis, had secretory activity similar to that of endocrine gland cells.^[3] As more became known about neurosecretory cells, the difference between the actions of nerve communication and endocrine hormone release become less clear. Like the average neuron, these cells conduct electrical impulses along the axon but unlike theses neurons, neurosecretion produces neurohormones that are released into the body’s circulation. Combining the properties of the nervous and endocrine, these cells have the capacity to affect nerves through chemical messengers.^[4] Neurosecretion is a broad area of study and must be further observed to be better understood.

Insects

Insects play a large role in what is known about neurosecretion. In simpler organisms neurosecretion mechanisms regulate the heart, the process of metamorphosis, and directly influences the development of the gonadal function. In more advanced organisms the gonadal function is manipulated by the intermediary endocrine processes.^[5] Axons from neurosecretory cells trace to corpora cardiac and corpora allata and produce and secrete a brain hormone which insect physiologists suspect is bound to a large carrier protein. Although the function is unknown, there are a multitude of these cells found in the ventral ganglia of the nerve cord. Neurosecretory cells, found in clusters in the medial and lateral parts of the brain, control corpora allata activity by producing juvenile hormone during the larval or nymphal instars,^[6] the phase between periods of molting in insects.^[7] The production of this hormone inhibits the insect during the conversion to maturity and reactivating once the fully-grown adult is prepared for reproduction. The 3rd International Symposium on Neurosecretion at the University of Bristol discussed the intracellular structure of the neurosecretory cells and the migration path to the target organs or vascular fluid areas by neurosecretory granules. More is being discovered on the identification of granules in hormones and the linking of their development with the organism’s physiologic state.^[5]

References

^ "Neurosecretion". Access Science from McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Neurosecretion". Biology-Online. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Scharrer, Berta (1977). "An Evolutionary Interpretation of the Phenomenon of Neurosecretion". Forty-seventh James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain.
^ Klowden, Marc. "Review: Contributions of Insect Research Toward Our Understanding of Neurosecretion". Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 53: 101–114.
^ ^a ^b Forbes, Anne. "Neurosecretions; proceedings of the third International Symposium on Neurosecretion, held in the University of Bristol, September, 1961". Memoirs of the Society for Endocrinology No 12. 184 (1): 82.
^ Meyer, John. "Insect Physiology: The Endocrine System". General Entomology NC State University.
^ "Oxford Dictionary". Instar: Definition of Instar in Oxford Dictionary (American English.

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English Journal

The contribution of platelet studies to the understanding of disease mechanisms in complex and monogenetic neurological disorders.

Goubau C1, Buyse GM, Van Geet C, Freson K.
Developmental medicine and child neurology.Dev Med Child Neurol.2014 Aug;56(8):724-31. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12421. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
Platelets, known for their role in primary haemostasis, prevent excessive bleeding after injury. The study of platelets has, therefore, traditionally focused on bleeding disorders. It has recently become evident, however, that platelet research can contribute to unravelling the disease mechanisms th
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Modulation of spike clustering by nmda receptors and neurotensin in rat supraoptic nucleus neurons.

Gagnon A1, Walsh M1, Okuda T1, Choe KY1, Zaelzer C1, Bourque CW2.
The Journal of physiology.J Physiol.2014 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the rat supraoptic nucleus display clustered firing during hyperosmolality or dehydration. This response is beneficial because this type of activity potentiates vasopressin secretion from axon terminals in the neurohypophysis and thus promotes homoeostati
PMID 25063824

Cell-Specific Retrograde Signals Mediate Antiparallel Effects of Angiotensin II on Osmoreceptor Afferents to Vasopressin and Oxytocin Neurons.

Stachniak TJ1, Trudel E2, Bourque CW3.
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Homeostatic control of extracellular fluid osmolality in rats requires a parallel excitation of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) neurosecretory neurons by osmoreceptor afferents to regulate the amount of water and sodium in the urine under normal conditions. However, during decreased blood volume
PMID 25043186

Japanese Journal

Identification of 20-hydroxyecdysone-inducible genes from larval brain of the silkworm, bombyx mori, and their expression analysis

Roy Anuradha,Shimizu Sakiko,Kiya Taketoshi [他]
Zoological Science 29(5), 333-339, 2012-05
… Previously, we found that EcR was expressed in the PTTH-producing neurosecretory cells (PTPCs) in larval brain of the silkworm Bombyx mori, suggesting that PTPCs function as the master cells of development under the regulation of 20E. …
NAID 40019249416

An FXPRLamide Neuropeptide Induces Seasonal Reproductive Polyphenism Underlying a Life-History Tradeoff in the Tussock Moth

Uehara Hiroshi,Senoh Yukiko,Yoneda Kyohei,Kato Yoshiomi,Shiomi Kunihiro
PLOS ONE 6(8), 2011-08-26
… This gene is expressed in neurosecretory cells within the subesophageal ganglion whose axonal projections reach the neurohemal organ, the corpus cardiacum, suggesting that the DH neuroendocrine system is conserved in Lepidoptera. …
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