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any organic substance that occurs in neural activity

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/29 04:09:47」(JST)

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A neurochemical is an organic molecule, such as serotonin, dopamine, or nerve growth factor, that participates in neural activity. The science of neurochemistry studies the functions of neurochemicals.

Prominent neurochemicals[edit]

The neuropeptide oxytocin. Oxytocin is involved in the control of maternal behavior. It has also been scientifically proven to create feelings of bonding, quench stress, and even speed up wound healing. ^[1] It is synthesized inside magnocellular neurosecretory cells as a precursor protein that is processed by proteolysis to its shorter active peptide form. Specific parts of the brain such as the supraoptic nucleus produce oxytocin which acts on cells in locations such as the ventral pallidum to produce the behavioral effects of oxytocin. A large amount of oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary and released into the blood stream by which it reaches target tissues such as the mammary glands (milk letdown). In the diagram inset, oxytocin is shown bound to a carrier protein, neurophysin.

Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter. Most neurons secrete with glutamate or GABA. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an action potential. (Note: Glutamate is chemically identical to the MSG commonly used to flavor food.)
GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Dopamine is another example of a neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional function and control. It also plays a part in movement, alertness, and sensations of pleasure.
Serotonin plays a regulatory role in mood, sleep, and other areas.
Acetylcholine assists motor function and is involved in memory.
Nitric oxide functions as a neurotransmitter, despite being a gas. It is not grouped with the other neurotransmitters because it is not released in the same way.
Endocannabinoids act in the endocannabinoid system to control neurotransmitter release in a host of neuronal tissues, including the hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
Eicosanoids act as neurotransmitters via the Arachidonic acid cascade.^[2]

References[edit]

^ Poquérusse, Jessie. "The Neuroscience of Sharing". Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ Piomelli, Daniele (2000). "Arachidonic Acid". Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Retrieved 2006-03-03.

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English Journal

A silicon based implantable microelectrode array for electrophysiological and dopamine recording from cortex to striatum in the non-human primate brain.

Zhang S1, Song Y1, Wang M1, Zhang Z2, Fan X1, Song X1, Zhuang P3, Yue F3, Chan P4, Cai X5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Nov 15;85:53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.087. Epub 2016 Apr 27.
Dual-mode, multielectrode recordings have become routine in rodent neuroscience research and have recently been adapted to the non-human primate. However, robust and reliable application of acute, multielectrode recording methods in monkeys especially for deep brain nucleus research remains a challe
PMID 27155116

A heuristic model for working memory deficit in schizophrenia.

Qi Z1, Yu GP2, Tretter F3, Pogarell O4, Grace AA5, Voit EO6.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2016 Nov;1860(11 Pt B):2696-705. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.031. Epub 2016 May 10.
BACKGROUND: The life of schizophrenia patients is severely affected by deficits in working memory. In various brain regions, the reciprocal interactions between excitatory glutamatergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic neurons are crucial. Other neurotransmitters, in particular dopamine, serotonin,
PMID 27177811

Involvement of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and mTOR in the antidepressant-like effect of atorvastatin in mice.

Ludka FK1, Constantino LC2, Dal-Cim T3, Binder LB4, Zomkowski A2, Rodrigues AL5, Tasca CI5.
Journal of psychiatric research.J Psychiatr Res.2016 Nov;82:50-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.004. Epub 2016 Jul 7.
Atorvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering statin that has been shown to exert several pleiotropic effects in the nervous system as a neuroprotective and antidepressant-like agent. Antidepressant-like effect of atorvastatin in mice is mediated by glutamatergic and serotoninergic receptors, although the
PMID 27468164

Japanese Journal

Neuropharmacologic Studies on the Brain Serotonin1A Receptor Using the Selective Agonist Osemozotan

Matsuda Toshio
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(12), 1871-1882, 2013
… We developed the novel 5-HT1A receptor agonist MKC-242 (called osemozotan) and characterized its neurochemical and pharmacological profiles. …
NAID 130003382066

統合失調症モデルラットにおける免疫組織化学染色法を用いたCaMKII活性イメージング法

矢吹悌,中川西修,只野武 [他],福永浩司
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 133(5), 501-506, 2013
… Here, we document the neurochemical basis of those defects in NVH-lesioned rats. …
NAID 130003361942

Repeated Heat Exposure Impairs Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Mice

Kim Hyo Geun,Kim Tae Mi,Park Gunhyuk,Lee Tae Hee,Oh Myung Sook
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2013
… This study determined the effects of heat stress on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system based on behavioral, histological, and neurochemical analyses. …
NAID 130003361536