nervus vestibularis

前庭神経

WordNet

1. relating to the sense of equilibrium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/07 10:52:26」(JST)

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Vestibular nerve
Inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal, hair cells, ampulla, cupula, vestibular nerve, & fluid
Terminal nuclei of the vestibular nerve, with their upper connections. (Schematic.) 1. Cochlear nerve, with its two nuclei. 2. Accessory nucleus. 3. Tuberculum acusticum. 4. Vestibular nerve. 5. Internal nucleus. 6. Nucleus of Deiters. 7. Nucleus of Bechterew. 8. Inferior or descending root of acoustic. 9. Ascending cerebellar fibers. 10. Fibers going to raphé. 11. Fibers taking an oblique course. 12. Lemniscus. 13. Inferior sensory root of trigeminal. 14. Cerebrospinal fasciculus. 15. Raphé. 16. Fourth ventricle. 17. Inferior peduncle. Origin of striæ medullares.
Details
Latin	Nervus vestibularis
From	Vestibulocochlear nerve
Identifiers
Gray's	p.906
MeSH	A08.800.800.120.910.900
Dorlands /Elsevier	n_05/12567055
TA	A14.2.01.122
FMA	53401
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). In humans the vestibular nerve transmits sensory information transmitted by vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. Information from the otolith organs reflects gravity and linear accelerations of the head. Information from the semicircular canals reflects rotational movement of the head. Both are necessary for the sensation of body position and gaze stability in relation to a moving environment.

Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla.

It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus.

Structure The peripheral fibers divide into three branches (some sources list two):

• the superior branch passes through the foramina in the area vestibularis superior and ends in the utricle and in the ampullae of the superior and lateral semicircular ducts;
• the fibers of the inferior branch traverse the foramina in the area vestibularis inferior and end in the saccule;
• the posterior branch runs through the foramen singulare and supplies the ampulla of the posterior semicircular duct.

Function

The primary role of the vestibular nerve is to transform vestibular information (related to balance) into an egocentric frame of reference based on the position of the head in relation to the body. The vestibular nerve dynamically updates the frame of reference of motor movement based on the orientation of the head in relation to the body. As an example, when standing upright and facing forward, if you wished to tilt your head to the right you would need to perform a slight leftward motor movement (shifting more of your weight to your left side) to maintain balance. While the head is still in motion, the response magnitude of alteration to motor coordinates is significantly reduced when compared to when the head is fixated in one position.

Clinical significance

Damage

Due to its role in transforming motor coordinates, the vestibular nerve implicitly plays a role in maintaining stable blood pressure during movement, maintaining balance control, spatial memory and spatial navigation. The most common causes of damage to the vestibular nerve are exposure to ototoxic antibiotics, Ménière's disease, encephalitis and some rare autoimmune disorders. Typically, patients with a damaged nerve suffer from acute attacks of vertigo accompanied by nausea/vomiting, inability to maintain posture and horizontal nystagmus.

Rehabilitation

Rapid compensation to damage of the vestibular nerve occurs within seven to ten days of receiving the damage. A small percentage of patients with damage to the vestibular nerve experience recurrent symptoms. These patients have not been able to undergo vestibular compensation and are left with long-term attacks of vertigo. By administering betahistine to the damaged nerve over a long period of time, the process of vestibular compensation can be accelerated to alleviate symptoms. Patients can also learn strategies to recover their balance through physical therapy.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see anatomical terminology.

• Vestibular system

Additional images

• Illustration of otolith organs

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

External links

• Illustration at dizziness-and-balance.com

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Usefulness of measuring electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses in children with inner ear malformations during cochlear implantation.

• Minami SB1, Takegoshi H, Shinjo Y, Enomoto C, Kaga K.
• Acta oto-laryngologica.Acta Otolaryngol.2015 Oct;135(10):1007-15. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1048377. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
• CONCLUSIONS: EABR is a reliable and effective way of objectively confirming device function and implant-responsiveness of the peripheral auditory neurons up to the level of the brainstem in cases of inner ear malformation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of measuring the intra-operative elec
• PMID 26062093

• Image-guided, microsurgical topographic anatomy of the endolymphatic sac and vestibular aqueduct via a suboccipital retrosigmoid approach.

• Colasanti R1, Tailor AR, Zhang J, Ammirati M.
• Neurosurgical review.Neurosurg Rev.2015 Oct;38(4):715-21. doi: 10.1007/s10143-015-0634-2. Epub 2015 Apr 25.
• The endolymphatic sac (ES) and the vestibular aqueduct (VA) are often in the surgical field when posterior fossa lesions are targeted using retrosigmoid approaches. The purpose of this work is to validate neuronavigator accuracy in predicting VA location as well as to give guidelines to preserve the
• PMID 25908476

• Vestibular Implants: 8 Years of Experience with Electrical Stimulation of the Vestibular Nerve in 11 Patients with Bilateral Vestibular Loss.

• Guinand N, van de Berg R, Cavuscens S, Stokroos RJ, Ranieri M, Pelizzone M, Kingma H, Guyot JP, Perez-Fornos A.
• ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties.ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.2015 Sep 15;77(4):227-240. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: The concept of the vestibular implant is primarily to artificially restore the vestibular function in patients with a bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) by providing the central nervous system with motion information using electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve. Our group initiated
• PMID 26367113

Japanese Journal

• 定型的症候を示さない聴神経腫瘍例

• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床　補冊 1993(Supplement61), 45-53, 1993
• NAID 130004683562

• Licht-und Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde am Nervus Vestibularis und Ganglion Scarpae beim Morbus Meniere.

• Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 92, 293-305, 1981
• NAID 30034267060

• 第八對神經節細胞ノ病變ニ對スル網状織内被細胞系統ノ態度ニ就テ (後篇)

• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 25(1), 28-48_1, 1931
• NAID 130001802664

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「前庭神経」
関連記事	「nervus」「vestibular」

「前庭神経」

　　[★]

英

vestibular nerve

ラ

nervus vestibularis, pars vestibularis

同

平衡神経

関

内耳神経

• 内耳神経の分枝

「nervus」

　　[★]

神経

関

nerve、nervi、nervous、neural、neuro、neuron

「vestibular」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 前庭の

関

vestibule、vestibulo