WordNet

the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nations mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him" (同)land, country
a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes); "the Shawnee nation"
an area outside of cities and towns; "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country" (同)rural area
the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries" (同)state, land
(theology) being determined in advance; especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind) (同)foreordination, preordination, predetermination
previous determination as if by destiny or fate
the removal of contaminants
immunity from discrimination on the basis of race or sex or nationality or religion or age; guaranteed by federal laws of the United States
United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) (同)Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation

PrepTutorEJDIC

《集合的に》『国民』(people) / 『国家』,国(country) / 民族,種族(北米インディアンの)部族
〈C〉『国,国家』,国土 / 《the ~》《集合的に;単数扱い》『国民』(nation) / 〈C〉《one's ~,this ~》『祖国』,故国,母国 / 〈U〉《通例冠詞をつけないで》(地勢から見た)『土地,地方』,地域 / 《the ~》いなか,田園地方,郊外 / いなかの,粗野な,やぼったい
運命・宿命; 【神学】（運命）予定説・宿命論(この世のすべての事は神の予定によるとする考え)
浄化,汚染の除去

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/02 20:12:26」(JST)

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For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation).

A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history.^[1] In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic make-up.^[2]^[3] The word nation can more specifically refer to people of North American Indians, such as the Cherokee Nation that prefer this term over the contested term tribe.^[1]

Etymology

The word nation came to English from the Old French word nacion, which in turn originates from the Latin word natio (nātĭō) literally meaning "that which has been born".^[4]

As an example of how the word natio was employed in classical Latin, the following quote from Cicero's Philippics Against Mark Antony in 44 BC contrasts the external, inferior nationes ("races of people") with the Roman civitas ("community"):

"Omnes nationes servitutem ferre possunt: nostra civitas non potest."
("All races are able to bear enslavement, but our community cannot.")

— Cicero, Orationes: Pro Milone, Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, Pro rege Deiotaro, Philippicae I-XIV^[5]

The sometime mentioned early use of the word "nation" already in 968 in modern meaning is historically unfounded.^[6]

Medieval nationes

Main article: Nation (university)

A significant early use of the term nation, as natio, occurred at mediaeval universities^[7] to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was elected twice as a procurator for the French natio. The University of Prague adopted the division of students into nationes: from its opening in 1349 the studium generale which consisted of Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish nations.

In a similar way, the nationes were segregated by the Knights Hospitaller of Jerusalem, who maintained at Rhodes the hostels from which they took their name "where foreigners eat and have their places of meeting, each nation apart from the others, and a Knight has charge of each one of these hostels, and provides for the necessities of the inmates according to their religion", as the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur noted in 1436.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b World Book Dictionary defines nation as “the people occupying the same country, united under the same government, and usually speaking the same language”. Another definition is that nation is a “sovereign state.” It also says nation can refer to “a people, race, or tribe; those having the same descent, language, and history.” World Book Dictionary also gives this definition: “a tribe of North American Indians.” Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary defines nation as “a community of people composed of one or more nationalities with its own territory and government” and also as “a tribe or federation of tribes (as of American Indians)”.
^ "Nation". Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged (11th ed.). http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nation. Retrieved 31 August 2012. "1. an aggregation of people or peoples of one or more cultures, races, etc, organized into a single state: the Australian nation"
^ Bretton, Henry L. (1986). International relations in the nuclear age: one world, difficult to manage. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-88706-040-4. http://books.google.ie/books?id=wCpKUmCpmoEC&lpg=PR4&dq=0-88706-040-4&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=0-88706-040-4&f=false. Retrieved 17 June 2011. "It should be stated at the outset that the term nation has two distinctly different uses. In a legal sense it is synonymous with the state as a whole regardless of the number of different ethnic or national groups–nationalities–contained within it. In that sense, one speaks of nation and means state."
^ Harper, Douglas. "Nation". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nation. Retrieved 5 June 2011..
^ Online at Tufts.edu
^ Liutprand of Cremona used the Latin word gens ("clan") not natio in his Relatio De Legatione Constantinopolitana, par. 7, that only in the modern times became translated as "nation" (in the translation by Henderson).
^ see: nation (university)
^ Pedro Tafur, Andanças e viajes.

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English Journal

Employment status, depressive symptoms, and waist circumference change in midlife women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Appelhans BM1, Segawa E2, Janssen I2, Kazlauskaite R3, Thurston RC4, Lewis TT5, Kravitz HM6.Author information 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: brad_appelhans@rush.edu.2Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.3Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.4Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA.5Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.6Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.AbstractPURPOSE: Changes in employment status have shown inconsistent associations with adiposity. This study tested whether the presence of elevated depressive symptoms explains variability in the time-varying association between employment status and central adiposity.
Annals of epidemiology.Ann Epidemiol.2014 Mar;24(3):187-92. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.12.005. Epub 2013 Dec 28.
PURPOSE: Changes in employment status have shown inconsistent associations with adiposity. This study tested whether the presence of elevated depressive symptoms explains variability in the time-varying association between employment status and central adiposity.METHOD: Employment status, depressive
PMID 24462272

New dosing strategies for an old antibiotic: pharmacodynamics of front-loaded regimens of colistin at simulated pharmacokinetics in patients with kidney or liver disease.

Rao GG1, Ly NS, Haas CE, Garonzik S, Forrest A, Bulitta JB, Kelchlin PA, Holden PN, Nation RL, Li J, Tsuji BT.Author information 1Laboratory for Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that colistin monotherapy is suboptimal at currently recommended doses. We hypothesized that front-loading provides an improved dosing strategy for polymyxin antibiotics to maximize killing and minimize total exposure. Here, we utilized an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to examine the impact of front-loaded colistin regimens against a high bacterial density (10(8) CFU/ml) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pharmacokinetics were simulated for patients with hepatic (half-life [t1/2] of 3.2 h) or renal (t1/2 of 14.8 h) disease. Front-loaded regimens (n = 5) demonstrated improvement in bacterial killing, with reduced overall free drug areas under the concentration-time curve (fAUC) compared to those with traditional dosing regimens (n = 14) with various dosing frequencies (every 12 h [q12h] and q24h). In the renal failure simulations, front-loaded regimens at lower exposures (fAUC of 143 mg · h/liter) obtained killing activity similar to that of traditional regimens (fAUC of 268 mg · h/liter), with an ∼97% reduction in the area under the viable count curve over 48 h. In hepatic failure simulations, front-loaded regimens yielded rapid initial killing by up to 7 log10 within 2 h, but considerable regrowth occurred for both front-loaded and traditional regimens. No regimen eradicated the high bacterial inoculum of P. aeruginosa. The current study, which utilizes an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model, demonstrates the potential benefits of front-loading strategies for polymyxins simulating differential pharmacokinetics in patients with hepatic and renal failure at a range of doses. Our findings may have important clinical implications, as front-loading polymyxins as a part of a combination regimen may be a viable strategy for aggressive treatment of high-bacterial-burden infections.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014 Mar;58(3):1381-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00327-13. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
Increasing evidence suggests that colistin monotherapy is suboptimal at currently recommended doses. We hypothesized that front-loading provides an improved dosing strategy for polymyxin antibiotics to maximize killing and minimize total exposure. Here, we utilized an in vitro pharmacodynamic model
PMID 24342636

Long-term Mobile Phone Use and Acoustic Neuroma Risk.

Pettersson D1, Mathiesen T, Prochazka M, Bergenheim T, Florentzson R, Harder H, Nyberg G, Siesjö P, Feychting M.Author information 1From the aInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; bDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; cDepartment of Neurosurgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; dDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden; eDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden; fDepartment of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; and gDepartment of Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.AbstractBACKGROUND: There is concern about potential effects of radiofrequency fields generated by mobile phones on cancer risk. Most previous studies have found no association between mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma, although information about long-term use is limited.
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.).Epidemiology.2014 Mar;25(2):233-41. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000058.
BACKGROUND: There is concern about potential effects of radiofrequency fields generated by mobile phones on cancer risk. Most previous studies have found no association between mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma, although information about long-term use is limited.METHODS: We conducted a populati
PMID 24434752

Cultural identity and patient trust among older american indians.

Simonds VW1, Goins RT, Krantz EM, Garroutte EM.Author information 1Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, N428 CPHB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA, Vanessa-simonds@uiowa.edu.AbstractBACKGROUND: Patients' trust in healthcare providers and institutions has been identified as a likely contributor to racial-ethnic health disparities. The likely influence of patients' cultural characteristics on trust is widely acknowledged but inadequately explored.
Journal of general internal medicine.J Gen Intern Med.2014 Mar;29(3):500-6. doi: 10.1007/s11606-013-2578-y. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
BACKGROUND: Patients' trust in healthcare providers and institutions has been identified as a likely contributor to racial-ethnic health disparities. The likely influence of patients' cultural characteristics on trust is widely acknowledged but inadequately explored.OBJECTIVE: To compare levels of p
PMID 24002621