WordNet

pain in a muscle or group of muscles (同)myodynia
of or relating to myalgia
make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
悲しみ;痛ましさ
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/21 18:49:33」(JST)

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Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also called muscle fever, is the pain and stiffness felt in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.

The soreness is felt most strongly 24 to 72 hours after the exercise.^[1] It is thought to be caused by eccentric (lengthening) exercise, which causes microtrauma to the muscle fibers. After such exercise, the muscle adapts rapidly to prevent muscle damage, and thereby soreness, if the exercise is repeated.^[2]

Delayed onset muscle soreness is one symptom of exercise-induced muscle damage. The other is acute muscle soreness, which appears during and immediately after exercise.

Characteristics[edit]

The soreness is perceived as a dull, aching pain in the affected muscle, often combined with tenderness and stiffness. The pain is typically felt only when the muscle is stretched, contracted or put under pressure, not when it is at rest.^[1] This tenderness, a characteristic symptom of DOMS, is also referred to as "muscular mechanical hyperalgesia".^[3]

Although there is variance among exercises and individuals, the soreness usually increases in intensity in the first 24 hours after exercise. It peaks from 24 to 72 hours, then subsides and disappears up to seven days after exercise.^[1]

Cause[edit]

The soreness is caused by eccentric exercise, that is, exercise consisting of eccentric (lengthening) contractions of the muscle. Isometric (static) exercise causes much less soreness, and concentric (shortening) exercise causes none.^[1]

Mechanism[edit]

The mechanism of delayed onset muscle soreness is not completely understood, but the pain is ultimately thought to be a result of microtrauma – mechanical damage at a very small scale – to the muscles being exercised.

DOMS was first described in 1902 by Theodore Hough,^[4] who concluded that this kind of soreness is "fundamentally the result of ruptures within the muscle".^[1] According to this "muscle damage" theory of DOMS, these ruptures are microscopic lesions at the Z-line of the muscle sarcomere.^[5] The soreness has been attributed to the increased tension force and muscle lengthening from eccentric exercise.^[6] This may cause the actin and myosin cross-bridges to separate prior to relaxation, ultimately causing greater tension on the remaining active motor units.^[7] This increases the risk of broadening, smearing, and damage to the sarcomere. When microtrauma occurs to these structures, nociceptors (pain receptors) within muscle connective tissues are stimulated and cause the sensation of pain.^[8]

Another explanation for the pain associated with DOMS is the "enzyme efflux" theory. Following microtrauma, calcium that is normally stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum accumulates in the damaged muscles. Cellular respiration is inhibited and ATP needed to actively transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also slowed. This accumulation of calcium may activate proteases and phospholipases which in turn break down and degenerate muscle protein.^[9] This causes inflammation, and in turn pain due to the accumulation of histamines, prostaglandins, and potassium.^[10]^[11]

An earlier theory posited that DOMS is connected to the build-up of lactic acid in the blood, which was thought to continue being produced following exercise. This build-up of lactic acid was thought to be a toxic metabolic waste product that caused the perception of pain at a delayed stage. This theory has been largely rejected, as concentric contractions which also produce lactic acid have been unable to cause DOMS.^[12] Additionally, lactic acid is known from multiple studies to return to normal levels within one hour of exercise, and therefore can't cause the pain that occurs much later.^[13]

Relation to other effects[edit]

Although delayed onset muscle soreness is a symptom associated with muscle damage, its magnitude does not necessarily reflect the magnitude of muscle damage.^[14]

Soreness is one of the temporary changes caused in muscles by unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Other such changes include decreased muscle strength, reduced range of motion and muscle swelling.^[15] It has been shown, however, that these changes develop independently in time from one another and that the soreness is therefore not the cause of the reduction in muscle function.^[15]

Possible function as a warning sign[edit]

Soreness might conceivably serve as a warning to reduce muscle activity so as to prevent further injury. However, further activity temporarily alleviates the soreness, even though it causes more pain initially. Continued use of the sore muscle also has no adverse effect on recovery from soreness and does not exacerbate muscle damage.^[16] It is therefore unlikely that soreness is in fact a warning sign not to use the affected muscle.^[16]

Repeated-bout effect[edit]

After performing an unaccustomed eccentric exercise and exhibiting severe soreness, the muscle rapidly adapts to reduce further damage from the same exercise. This is called the "repeated-bout effect".^[17]

As a result of this effect, not only is the soreness reduced, but other indicators of muscle damage, such as swelling, reduced strength and reduced range of motion, are also more quickly recovered from. The effect is mostly, but not wholly, specific to the exercised muscle: experiments have shown that some of the protective effect is also conferred on other muscles.^[18]

The magnitude of the effect is subject to many variations, depending for instance on the time between bouts, the number and length of eccentric contractions and the exercise mode. It also varies between people and between indicators of muscle damage.^[18] Generally, though, the protective effect lasts for at least several weeks. It seems to gradually decrease as time between bouts increases, and is undetectable after about one year.^[19]

The first bout does not need to be as intense as the subsequent bouts in order to confer at least some protection against soreness. For instance, eccentric exercise performed at 40% of maximal strength has been shown to confer a protection of 20 to 60% from muscle damage incurred by a 100% strength exercise two to three weeks later.^[20] Also, the repeated-bout effect appears even after a relatively small number of contractions, possibly as few as two. In one study, a first bout of 10, 20 or 50 contractions provided equal protection for a second bout of 50 contractions three weeks later.^[19]

The reason for the protective effect is not yet understood. A number of possible mechanisms, which may complement one another, have been proposed. These include neural adaptations (improved use and control of the muscle by the nervous system), mechanical adaptations (increased muscle stiffness or muscle support tissue) and cellular adaptations (adaptation to inflammatory response and increased protein synthesis, among others).^[21]

Prevention[edit]

Delayed onset muscle soreness can be reduced or prevented by gradually increasing the intensity of a new exercise program,^[22] thereby taking advantage of the repeated-bout effect.

Soreness can theoretically be avoided by limiting exercise to concentric and isometric contractions.^[22] But eccentric contractions in some muscles are normally unavoidable during exercise, especially when muscles are fatigued.^[1] Limiting the length of eccentric muscle extensions during exercise may afford some protection against soreness, but this may also not be practical depending on the mode of exercise. A study comparing arm muscle training at different starting lengths found that training at the short length reduced muscle damage indicators by about 50% compared to the long length, but this effect was not found in leg muscles.^[23]

Static stretching or warming up the muscles does not prevent soreness.^[24]^[25] Overstretching can by itself cause soreness.

Proper nutrition to manage electrolytes and glycogen before and after exertion has been proposed as a way to ease soreness.^[26]^[27] Consuming more vitamin C does not prevent soreness.^[28]

Treatment[edit]

The soreness disappears in about 72 hours after appearing. If treatment is desired, any measure that increases blood flow to the muscle, such as low-intensity work, massage, hot baths, or a sauna visit may help somewhat.^[22] Immersion in cool or icy water, an occasionally recommended remedy, was found to be ineffective in alleviating DOMS in one 2011 study,^[29] but effective in another.^[30]

Counterintuitively, continued exercise may temporarily suppress the soreness. Exercise increases pain thresholds and pain tolerance. This effect, called exercise-induced analgesia, is known to occur in endurance training (running, cycling, swimming), but little is known about whether it also occurs in resistance training. There are claims in the literature that exercising sore muscles appears to be the best way to reduce or eliminate the soreness, but this has not yet been systematically investigated.^[31]

References[edit]

Kokkinos, Peter (2009). Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-7637-5612-3.
Nosaka, Ken (2008). "Muscle Soreness and Damage and the Repeated-Bout Effect". In Tiidus, Peter M. Skeletal muscle damage and repair. Human Kinetics. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-7360-5867-4.

Footnotes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nosaka, 63
^ Nosaka, 76
^ Taguchi, T.; Matsuda, T.; Tamura, R.; Sato, J.; Mizumura, K. (2005). "Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia revealed by behavioural pain test and c-Fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn after eccentric contraction in rats". The Journal of Physiology 564 (Pt 1): 259–268. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.079483. PMC 1456042. PMID 15677691. edit
^ Hough, Theodore (1902). "Ergographic studies in muscular soreness". American Journal of Physiology 1902 (7): 76–92.
^ Armstrong, RB (1984 Dec). "Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review.". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 16 (6): 529–38. PMID 6392811.
^ Gulick, DT; Kimura, IF; Sitler, M; Paolone, A; Kelly, JD (1996 Apr). "Various treatment techniques on signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness.". Journal of athletic training 31 (2): 145–52. PMID 16558388.
^ Gulick, DT; Kimura, IF; Sitler, M; Paolone, A; Kelly, JD (1996 Apr). "Various treatment techniques on signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness.". Journal of athletic training 31 (2): 145–52. PMID 16558388.
^ Cheung, K; Hume, P; Maxwell, L (2003). "Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors.". Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 33 (2): 145–64. PMID 12617692.
^ Stauber, WT (1989). "Eccentric action of muscles: physiology, injury, and adaptation.". Exercise and sport sciences reviews 17: 157–85. PMID 2676546.
^ Armstrong, RB (1990 Aug). "Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury.". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 22 (4): 429–35. PMID 2205778.
^ Cheung, K; Hume, P; Maxwell, L (2003). "Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors.". Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 33 (2): 145–64. PMID 12617692.
^ Armstrong, RB (1984 Dec). "Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review.". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 16 (6): 529–38. PMID 6392811.
^ Cheung, K; Hume, P; Maxwell, L (2003). "Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors.". Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 33 (2): 145–64. PMID 12617692.
^ Nosaka, 66–67
^ ^a ^b Nosaka, 66
^ ^a ^b Nosaka, 68
^ Nosaka, 68–69
^ ^a ^b Nosaka, 69
^ ^a ^b Nosaka, 70
^ Nosaka, 73
^ Nosaka, 74
^ ^a ^b ^c Kokkinos, 112
^ Nosaka, 71
^ High, DM; Howley ET; Franks BD (December 1989). "The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness.". Res Q Exerc Sport. 60 (4): 357–61. PMID 2489863.
^ Herbert, R. D.; De Noronha, M. (2007). "Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise". In Herbert, Robert D. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004577.pub2. edit
^ CONNOLLY, DECLAN. "Treatment and Prevention of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness". National Strength & Conditioning Association. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
^ Kraemer, William (2006 Mar). "The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching.". Metabolism 55 (3): 282–91. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Connolly, D A J; Lauzon, C; Agnew, J; Dunn, M; Reed, B (2006). "The effects of vitamin C supplementation on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness". Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 46 (3): 462–7.
^ Sellwood, K. L.; Brukner, P.; Williams, D.; Nicol, A.; Hinman, R. (2007). "Ice‐water immersion and delayed‐onset muscle soreness: A randomised controlled trial". British Journal of Sports Medicine 41 (6): 392–397. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033985. PMC 2465319. PMID 17261562. edit
^ Snyder, J. G.; Ambegaonkar, J. P.; Winchester, J. B.; McBride, J. M.; Andre, M. J.; Nelson, A. G. (2011). "Efficacy of Cold-Water Immersion in Treating Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Male Distance Runners". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43: 766. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000402128.66983.f7. edit
^ Nosaka, 62–63

Footnotes[edit]

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Presentation of three cases with phyto contact dermatitis caused by Ranunculus and Anthemis genera.

Uçmak D1, Ayhan E, Meltem Akkurt Z, Haydar Uçak.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.AbstractIn addition to being used especially in a systematic way, herbal treatments are preferred topically by the elderly population in some rheumatological and dermatological diseases. Although alternative medicine treatments may have beneficial effects, certain plants are known to cause common contact dermatitis. Protoanemonin and sesquiterpene lactones, which are found in such plant types as respectively Ranunculus and Anthemis, often cause contact dermatitis. In this article, three cases of phyto contact dermatitis, which are the result of topical use of plant types of Ranunculus ve Anthemis as an alternative method of treatment due to myalgia or arthralgia, have been presented.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):467-9. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.849792. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
In addition to being used especially in a systematic way, herbal treatments are preferred topically by the elderly population in some rheumatological and dermatological diseases. Although alternative medicine treatments may have beneficial effects, certain plants are known to cause common contact de
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Effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on resting metabolic rate, sub-maximal running and post-exercise oxygen consumption.

Burt DG1, Lamb K, Nicholas C, Twist C.Author information 1a Faculty of Health Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stoke-on-Trent , UK.AbstractAbstract Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), described as the acute weakness of the musculature after unaccustomed eccentric exercise, increases oxidative metabolism at rest and during endurance exercise. However, it is not known whether oxygen uptake during recovery from endurance exercise is increased when experiencing symptoms of EIMD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EIMD on physiological and metabolic responses before, during and after sub-maximal running. After a 12 h fast, eight healthy male participants completed baseline measurements comprising resting metabolic rate (RMR), indirect markers of EIMD, 10 min of sub-maximal running and 30 min of recovery to ascertain excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Measurements were then repeated at 24 and 48 h after 100 Smith-machine squats. Data analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) increases in muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) and decreases in peak knee extensor torque at 24 and 48 h after squatting exercise. Moreover, RMR, physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses during sub-maximal running and EPOC were increased in the two days after squatting exercise (P<0.05). It is suggested that the elevated RMR was a consequence of a raised energy requirement for the degradation and resynthesis of damaged muscle fibres. The increased oxygen demand during sub-maximal running after muscle damage was responsible for the increase in EPOC. Individuals engaging in unaccustomed resistance exercise that results in muscle damage should be mindful of the increases in resting energy expenditure and increased metabolic demand to exercise in the days that follow.
European journal of sport science.Eur J Sport Sci.2014 Jun;14(4):337-344. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
Abstract Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), described as the acute weakness of the musculature after unaccustomed eccentric exercise, increases oxidative metabolism at rest and during endurance exercise. However, it is not known whether oxygen uptake during recovery from endurance exercise is in
PMID 23566074

Timing influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion on muscle soreness and next-day running performance.

Greer BK1, Price A, Jones B.Author information 11Sacred Heart University, Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Fairfield, Connecticut, USA.AbstractABSTRACT The present study investigates timing effects of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PROT) beverage on indicators of muscle damage and next day running performance. Nine trained subjects completed three trials of a 30 min downhill run, followed by a 1.5 mile treadmill running time trial 24 hr later in a blinded, crossover design. Either a CHO-PROT or noncaloric placebo beverage was given 30 and 5 min prior to, at the 15 min mark during, immediately after, and 30 min after the downhill running protocol. In the first treatment (T1), a total of 360 kilocalories were given 30 and 5 min prior to downhill running, as well as at the 15 min mark, with placebos used at other time points. In the second treatment (T2), an isocaloric amount was given but only immediately after and 30 min after downhill running, with placebos used at other time points. In the placebo treatment, a placebo was given at all time points. There were no significant differences in the 1.5 mile time trial or soreness between trials (p > .05). Regardless of timing, the ingestion of a CHO-PROT beverage had no effect on next day running performance or muscular soreness versus a placebo.
Journal of dietary supplements.J Diet Suppl.2014 Jun;11(2):166-74. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859215.
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PMID 24670120