morulae

Morula
	Blastulation. 1 - morula, 2 - blastula.
	First stages of segmentation of a fertilized mammalian ovum. Semidiagrammatic. z.p. Zona pellucida. p.gl. Polar bodies. a. Two-cell stage. b. Four-cell stage. c. Eight-cell stage. d, e. Morula stage.
Details
Days	3
Precursor	Zygote
Gives rise to	Blastula, Blastocyst
Identifiers
Gray's	p.46
Code	TE E2.0.1.2.0.0.11
	Anatomical terminology

桑実胚

関: morula

WordNet

a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/01 15:10:54」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an early stage embryo consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.^[1]^[2]

A morula is distinct from a blastocyst in that a morula (3-4 days post fertilization) is an 8 cell mass in a spherical shape whereas a blastocyst (4-5 days post fertilization) has a cavity inside the zona pellucida along with an inner cell mass. A morula, if untouched and allowed to remain implanted, will eventually develop into a blastocyst.^[3]

The morula is produced by a series of cleavage divisions of the early embryo, starting with the single-celled zygote. Once the embryo has divided into 16 cells, it begins to resemble a mulberry, hence the name morula (Latin, morus: mulberry).^[4] Within a few days after fertilization, cells on the outer part of the morula become bound tightly together with the formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, becoming nearly indistinguishable. This process is known as compaction.^[5]^[6] A cavity forms inside the morula, by the active transport of sodium ions from trophoblast cells and osmosis of water. This results in a hollow ball of cells known as the blastocyst.^[7]^[8] The blastocyst's outer cells will become the first embryonic epithelium (the trophectoderm). Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior and will become the inner cell mass (ICM), and are pluripotent. In mammals (except monotremes), the ICM will ultimately form the "embryo proper", while the trophectoderm will form the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. However, reptiles have a different ICM. The stages are prolonged and divided in 4 parts.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

References

^ Boklage, Charles E. (2009). How New Humans Are Made: Cells and Embryos, Twins and Chimeras, Left and Right, Mind/Self/Soul, Sex, and Schizophrenia. World Scientific. p. 217. ISBN 9789812835130.
^ "The Early Embryology of the Chick". UNSW Embryology. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
^ "The Morula and Blastocyst". the Endowment for Human Development. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
^ Sherman, Lawrence S. et al., eds. (2001). Human embryology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-443-06583-5.
^ Chard, Tim & Lilford, Richard (1995). Basic sciences for obstetrics and gynaecology. Springer. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-540-19903-8.
^ Mercader, Amparo et al. (2008). "Human embryo culture". In Lanza, Robert & Klimanskaya, Irina. Essential stem cell methods. Academic Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-12-374741-9.
^ Patestas, Maria Antoniou & Gartner, Leslie P. (2006). A textbook of neuroanatomy. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4051-0340-4.
^ Geisert, R.D. & Malayer, J.R. (2000). "Implantation: Blastocyst formation". In Hafez, B. & Hafez, Elsayed S.E. Reproduction in farm animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-683-30577-7.
^ Morali, Olivier G. et al. (2005). "Epithelium-Mesenchyme Transitions are Crucial Morphogenetic Events Occurring During Early Development". In Savagner, Pierre. Rise and fall of epithelial phenotype: concepts of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-306-48239-7.
^ Birchmeier, Carmen et al. (1997). "Morphogenesis of epithelial cells". In Paul, Leendert C. & Issekutz, Thomas B. Adhesion molecules in health and disease. CRC Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8247-9824-6.
^ Nagy, András (2003). Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual. CSHL Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-87969-591-0.
^ Connell, R.J. & Cutner, A. (2001). "Basic Embryology". In Cardozo, Linda & Staskin, David. Textbook of female urology and urogynaecology. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-901865-05-9.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ヒトエーリキア症およびアナプラズマ症 human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
2. エーリキアの生物学 biology of ehrlichiae
3. バルトネラ属の基礎生物学 basic biology of bartonella species
4. 成人における無菌性髄膜炎 aseptic meningitis in adults

English Journal

Effect of cryopreservation technique and season on the survival of in vitro produced cattle embryos.

Gupta A1, Singh J1, Anzar M2.
Animal reproduction science.Anim Reprod Sci.2016 Jan;164:162-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.11.026. Epub 2015 Dec 4.
Embryo cryopreservation is a major tool for conservation and propagation of genetically superior animals. However, it adversely affects the survival of embryos. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cryopreservation technique (vitrification compared with slow freezing) and diff
PMID 26679433

The Recipients' Parity Does Not Influence Their Reproductive Performance Following Non-Surgical Deep Uterine Porcine Embryo Transfer.

Martinez EA1, Nohalez A1, Martinez CA1, Parrilla I1, Vila J2, Colina I2, Diaz M2, Reixach J2, Vazquez JL1, Roca J1, Cuello C1, Gil MA1.
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene.Reprod Domest Anim.2015 Dec 14. doi: 10.1111/rda.12654. [Epub ahead of print]
With the development of the non-surgical deep uterine (NsDU) embryo transfer (ET) technology, the commercial applicability of ET in pigs is now possible. There are, nevertheless, many factors that influence NsDU-ET effectiveness that need to be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ef
PMID 26661993

Developmental competence of different quality bovine oocytes retrieved through ovum pick-up following in vitro maturation and fertilization.

Saini N1, Singh MK1, Shah SM1, Singh KP1, Kaushik R1, Manik RS1, Singla SK1, Palta P1, Chauhan MS1.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2015 Dec;9(12):1979-85. doi: 10.1017/S1751731115001226. Epub 2015 Jul 13.
In the present study, oocytes retrieved from cross bred Karan Fries cows by ovum pick-up technique were graded into Group 1 and Group 2, based on the morphological appearance of the individual cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). To analyze whether the developmental potential of the COCs bears a relatio
PMID 26165355

Japanese Journal

Selenium and Vitamin E Improve the In Vitro Maturation, Fertilization and Culture to Blastocyst of Porcine Oocytes

TAREQ K. M. A.,AKTER Quzi Sharmin,KHANDOKER M. A. M. Yahia,TSUJII Hirotada
Journal of Reproduction and Development 58(6), 621-628, 2012
… In addition, embryo development, specifically in terms of the numbers of morulae and blastocysts, significantly increased (P<0.05) with SeMet and SeMet+Vit-E. …
NAID 130001855001

Hollow Fiber Vitrification: A Novel Method for Vitrifying Multiple Embryos in a Single Device

MATSUNARI Hitomi,MAEHARA Miki,NAKANO Kazuaki [他],IKEZAWA Yuka,HAGIWARA Yui,SASAYAMA Norihisa,SHIRASU Akio,OHTA Hisayoshi,TAKAHASHI Masashi,NAGASHIMA Hiroshi
Journal of Reproduction and Development 58(5), 599-608, 2012
… For porcine embryos, the blastocyst formation rate of in vitro maturation (IVM)-derived parthenogenetic morulae after vitrification (48/65, 73.8%) did not decrease significantly compared with non-vitrified embryos (59/65, 90.8%). …
NAID 130001854988

Importance of Methionine Metabolism in Morula-to-blastocyst Transition in Bovine Preimplantation Embryos

IKEDA Shuntaro,SUGIMOTO Miki,KUME Shinichi
Journal of Reproduction and Development 58(1), 91-97, 2012
… Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of cell lineage-related transcription factors in day 6 compacted morulae showed that the expressions of NANOG and TEAD4 were increased by ethionine treatment relative to the control (P<0.01). … Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis of 5-methylcytosine revealed that DNA was hypomethylated in the ethionine-treated day 6 morulae compared with the control (P<0.001). …
NAID 130001388596

Related Pictures

[1] Boklage, Charles E. (2009). How New Humans Are Made: Cells and Embryos, Twins and Chimeras, Left and Right, Mind/Self/Soul, Sex, and Schizophrenia. World Scientific. p. 217. ISBN 9789812835130.

[2] "The Early Embryology of the Chick". UNSW Embryology. Retrieved 2015-03-03.

[EHD-3] "The Morula and Blastocyst". the Endowment for Human Development. Retrieved 11 April 2015.

[4] Sherman, Lawrence S. et al., eds. (2001). Human embryology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-443-06583-5.

[5] Chard, Tim & Lilford, Richard (1995). Basic sciences for obstetrics and gynaecology. Springer. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-540-19903-8.

[6] Mercader, Amparo et al. (2008). "Human embryo culture". In Lanza, Robert & Klimanskaya, Irina. Essential stem cell methods. Academic Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-12-374741-9.

[7] Patestas, Maria Antoniou & Gartner, Leslie P. (2006). A textbook of neuroanatomy. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4051-0340-4.

[8] Geisert, R.D. & Malayer, J.R. (2000). "Implantation: Blastocyst formation". In Hafez, B. & Hafez, Elsayed S.E. Reproduction in farm animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-683-30577-7.

[9] Morali, Olivier G. et al. (2005). "Epithelium-Mesenchyme Transitions are Crucial Morphogenetic Events Occurring During Early Development". In Savagner, Pierre. Rise and fall of epithelial phenotype: concepts of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-306-48239-7.

[10] Birchmeier, Carmen et al. (1997). "Morphogenesis of epithelial cells". In Paul, Leendert C. & Issekutz, Thomas B. Adhesion molecules in health and disease. CRC Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8247-9824-6.

[11] Nagy, András (2003). Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual. CSHL Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-87969-591-0.

[12] Connell, R.J. & Cutner, A. (2001). "Basic Embryology". In Cardozo, Linda & Staskin, David. Textbook of female urology and urogynaecology. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-901865-05-9.

匿名

検索

案内

案内