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a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/01 15:00:44」(JST)

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For the South African football player, see Lebohang Morula.

Morula

Blastulation. 1 - morula, 2 - blastula.

First stages of segmentation of a fertilized mammalian ovum. Semidiagrammatic. z.p. Zona pellucida. p.gl. Polar bodies. a. Two-cell stage. b. Four-cell stage. c. Eight-cell stage. d, e. Morula stage.
Gray's	subject #6 46
Days	3
Precursor	Zygote
Gives rise to	Blastula, Blastocyst
Code	TE E2.0.1.2.0.0.11

A morula (Latin, morus: mulberry) is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.^[1]

The morula is produced by embryonic cleavage, the rapid division of the zygote. Once the zygote has divided into 32 cells, it begins to resemble a mulberry, hence the name morula (Latin, morus: mulberry).^[2] Within a few days after fertilization, cells on the outer part of the morula become bound tightly together with the formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, becoming nearly indistinguishable. This process is known as compaction.^[3]^[4] The cells of the morula then secrete a viscous liquid^[specify], causing a central cavity to be formed, forming a hollow ball of cells known as the blastocyst.^[5]^[6] The blastocyst's outer cells will become the first embryonic epithelium (the trophectoderm). Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior and will become the inner cell mass(ICM), and are pluripotent. In mammals (except monotremes), the ICM will ultimately form the "embryo proper", while the trophectoderm will form the placenta and other extra-embryonic tissues.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

References[edit]

^ Boklage, Charles E. (2009). How New Humans Are Made: Cells and Embryos, Twins and Chimeras, Left and Right, Mind/Self/Soul, Sex, and Schizophrenia. World Scientific. p. 217. ISBN 978-981-283-513-0.
^ Sherman, Lawrence S. et al., ed. (2001). Human embryology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-443-06583-5.
^ Chard, Tim & Lilford, Richard (1995). Basic sciences for obstetrics and gynaecology. Springer. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-540-19903-8.
^ Mercader, Amparo et al. (2008). "Human embryo culture". In Lanza, Robert & Klimanskaya, Irina. Essential stem cell methods. Academic Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-12-374741-9.
^ Patestas, Maria Antoniou & Gartner, Leslie P. (2006). A textbook of neuroanatomy. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4051-0340-4.
^ Geisert, R.D. & Malayer, J.R. (2000). "Implantation: Blastocyst formation". In Hafez, B. & Hafez, Elsayed S.E. Reproduction in farm animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-683-30577-7.
^ Morali, Olivier G. et al. (2005). "Epithelium-Mesenchyme Transitions are Crucial Morphogenetic Events Occurring During Early Development". In Savagner, Pierre. Rise and fall of epithelial phenotype: concepts of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-306-48239-7.
^ Birchmeier, Carmen et al. (1997). "Morphogenesis of epithelial cells". In Paul, Leendert C. & Issekutz, Thomas B. Adhesion molecules in health and disease. CRC Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8247-9824-6.
^ Nagy, András (2003). Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual. CSHL Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-87969-591-0.
^ Connell, R.J. & Cutner, A. (2001). "Basic Embryology". In Cardozo, Linda & Staskin, David. Textbook of female urology and urogynaecology. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-901865-05-9.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Comparison of epigenetic mediator expression and function in mouse and human embryonic blastomeres.

Chavez SL1, McElroy SL1, Bossert NL2, De Jonge CJ2, Rodriguez MV3, Leong DE1, Behr B4, Westphal LM4, Reijo Pera RA5.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2014 Sep 15;23(18):4970-84. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu212. Epub 2014 May 12.
A map of human embryo development that combines imaging, molecular, genetic and epigenetic data for comparisons to other species and across pathologies would be greatly beneficial for basic science and clinical applications. Here, we compared mRNA and protein expression of key mediators of DNA methy
PMID 24821703

The influence of recombinant feline oviductin on different aspects of domestic cat (Felis catus) IVF and embryo quality.

Hribal R1, Hachen A2, Jewgenow K2, Zahmel J2, Fernandez-Gonzalez L2, Braun BC2.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Sep 15;82(5):742-9. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.06.009. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
Oviductin is known to be a key player providing a convenient environment for the process of fertilization affecting this by direct interaction with oocytes and sperm. As in vitro embryo production in the context of assisted reproduction for endangered felids is still in the process of optimization,
PMID 25023298

Clinical outcomes following selection of human preimplantation embryos with time-lapse monitoring: a systematic review.

Kaser DJ1, Racowsky C2.
Human reproduction update.Hum Reprod Update.2014 Sep;20(5):617-631. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
BACKGROUND: Time-lapse monitoring (TLM) has emerged as a novel technology to perform semi-quantitative evaluation of embryo morphology and developmental kinetics in assisted reproduction. While this method has already been introduced into clinical practice in many laboratories, it is unclear whether
PMID 24890606

Japanese Journal

TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTORS AND CATALYTIC ENZYMES IN STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS OF MOUSE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS

Sato Naoki,Terada Yukihiro
秋田医学 39(1), 1-12, 2012-09
… LDLR mRNA was detected at the oocyte, 8-cell, morula, blastocyst, and hatched blastocyst stages. …
NAID 110009468860

Influence of Intergeneric/Interspecies Mitochondrial Injection : Parthenogenetic Development of Bovine Oocytes after Injection of Mitochondria Derived from Somatic Cells

TAKEDA Kumiko,SRIRATTANA Kanokwan,MATSUKAWA Kazutsugu,AKAGI Satoshi,KANEDA Masahiro,TASAI Mariko,NIRASAWA Keijiro,PINKERT Carl A.,PARNPAI Rangsun,NAGAI Takashi
The Journal of reproduction and development 58(3), 323-329, 2012-06-01
… Cleavage division rates and development to the morula stage in oocytes injected with WB-mt were lower (76.2% and 45.9%, respectively) in comparison with uninjected oocytes (89.2% and 59.1%, respectively) (P<0.05). …
NAID 10030821280