WordNet

record in film; "The coronation was filmed"
photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion; used to make negatives or transparencies (同)photographic film
a thin sheet of (usually plastic and usually transparent) material used to wrap or cover things (同)plastic film
a thin coating or layer; "the table was covered with a film of dust"
a medium that disseminates moving pictures; "theater pieces transferred to celluloid"; "this story would be good cinema"; "film coverage of sporting events" (同)cinema, celluloid
make a film or photograph of something; "take a scene"; "shoot a movie" (同)shoot, take
preservation and methodical arrangement as of documents and papers etc.; "I have some filing to do"
the act of using a file (as in shaping or smoothing an object)
a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file
the entering of a legal document into the public record; "he filed a complaint"; "he filed his tax return"
recorded on film; made into a movie; "a filmed documentary"; "the filmed version of the novel"
the act of making a film (同)cinematography, motion-picture photography

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『薄皮』,薄膜,薄い層《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(写真の)『フイルム』 / 〈C〉《おもに英》『映画』;《the films》《集合的に》映画 / …‘を'薄膜でおおう / …‘を'フイルムに写す,(映画に)撮影する / 〈小説など〉‘を'映画化する / (ほこり・氷などで)うっすらとおおわれる《+『over with』+『名』》 / 映画化される
とじ込み,書類整理
〈U〉やすり仕上げ,やすりかけ / 《復数形で》やすりくず

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/30 11:31:31」(JST)

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A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of atoms, molecules,^[1] or cells. In some cases it is referred to as a Self-assembled monolayer.

Chemistry

A Langmuir monolayer or insoluble monolayer is a one-molecule thick layer of an insoluble organic material spread onto an aqueous subphase. Traditional compounds used to prepare Langmuir monolayers are amphiphilic materials that possess a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. Since the 1980s a large number of other materials have been employed to produce Langmuir monolayers, some of which are semi-amphiphilic, including macromolecules such as polymers. Langmuir monolayers are extensively studied for the fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett film (LB films), which are formed by transferred monolayers on a solid substrate. A Gibbs monolayer or soluble monolayer is a monolayer formed by a compound that is soluble in one of the phases separated by the interface on which the monolayer is formed.

Formation time

The monolayer formation time or monolayer time is the length of time required, on average, for a surface to be covered by an adsorbate, such as oxygen sticking to fresh aluminum. If the adsorbate has a unity sticking coefficient, so that every molecule which reaches the surface sticks to it without re-evaporating, then the monolayer time is very roughly:

where t is the time and P is the pressure. It takes about 1 second for a surface to be covered at a pressure of 300 µPa (2×10^-6 Torr).

Monolayer phases and equations of state

A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance. If the surface tension of the interface is measured during the compression, a compression isotherm is obtained. This isotherm shows the variation of surface pressure (, where is the surface tension of the interface before the monolayer is formed) with the area (the inverse of surface concentration ). It is analogous with a 3D process in which pressure varies with volume.

A variety of bidimensional phases can be detected, each separated by a phase transition. During the phase transition, the surface pressure doesn't change, but the area does, just like during normal phase transitions volume changes but pressure doesn't. The 2D phases, in increasing pressure order:

Bidimensional gas: there are few molecules per area unit, and they have few interactions, therefore, analogous of the equations of state for 3D gases can be used: ideal gas law , where is the area per mole. As the surface pressure increases, more complex equations are needed (Van der Waals, virial...)

Expanded liquid
Compressed liquid
Solid

If the area is further reduced once the solid phase has been reached, collapse occurs, the monolayer breaks and soluble aggregates and multilayers are formed

Gibbs monolayers also follow equations of state, which can be deduced from Gibbs isotherm.

For very dilute solutions , through Gibbs isotherm another analogous of ideal gas law is reached
For more concentrated solutions and applying Langmuir isotherm , thus

Biology

Monolayers are frequently encountered in biology. A micelle is a monolayer, and the phospholipid lipid bilayer structure of biological membranes is technically two monolayers.

Cell culture

In cell culture a monolayer refers to a layer of cells in which no cell is growing on top of another, but all are growing side by side and often touching each other on the same growth surface.

References

^ Ter Minassian-Saraga, L. (1994). "Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 66 (8): 1667–1738. doi:10.1351/pac199466081667. Retrieved November 5, 2012. On page 1672.

External links

"Monolayer". Goldbook. IUPAC. Retrieved November 5, 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Kinetic properties of pancreatic and intestinal sPLA2 from chicken and mammals using the monomolecular film technique.

Karray A, Zarai Z, Gargouri Y, Verger R, Bezzine S.SourceLaboratoire de Biochimie et de Genie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d'Ingenieurs de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2011 Nov 15;363(2):620-5. Epub 2011 Jul 31.
The interfacial kinetic and binding data for the pancreatic and intestinal sPLA2 from bird and mammals show that these enzymes have dramatically different ability to bind and hydrolyse phospholipids. The main conclusions from our experimental data indicate that phosphatidylcholine monolayers (PC), i
PMID 21855891

Stability of monomolecular films of archaebacterial tetraether lipids on silicon wafers: a comparison of physisorbed and chemisorbed monolayers.

Vidawati S, Sitterberg J, Rothe U, Bakowsky U.SourceDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2011 Oct 15;87(2):209-16.
The monomolecular organisation of symmetric, chemically modified tetraether lipids caldarchaeol-PO(4) was studied using Langmuir film balance, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Solid silicon wafer substrates were modified to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amino-silanised surfaces; and
PMID 21689910

Japanese Journal

有機デバイスとしてのカラーフィルム : J会合色素単結晶単分子膜(TFT(有機,酸化物),一般)

谷忠昭
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ED, 電子デバイス 109(16), 49-54, 2009-04-16
カラーフィルムは平板ハロゲン化銀粒子基板上のJ会合色素単結晶単分子膜を有機半導体光センサーとする有機デバイスであることを示す。次いで有機半導体の観点から、色素膜中の分子配列、色素膜が基板の構造と物性に与える影響、基板と色素膜の界面の電子構造、色素膜中の励起子の移動と解離、生成電荷の挙動、吸着による色素層の生成と塗布によるカラーフィルムの製造法等に関して分析し解説する。
NAID 110007227385

Surface Modification through Chemically Adsorbed Monolayer of Thiophene Molecules

Yamamoto Shin-ichi,Ogawa Kazufumi
Jpn J Appl Phys 47(7), 6142-6145, 2008-07-25
… Using a time-averaged dielectrophoretic force from an applied electric field, we have observed the assembly of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular layer (CAM) on microwires and connections and the formation of an electric path between a lithographically patterned array of two platinum (Pt) electrodes. …
NAID 150000051080