WordNet

requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery; "medical treatment"; "pneumonia is a medical disease"
relating to the study or practice of medicine; "the medical profession"; "a medical student"; "medical school"
present someone with a certificate
a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts (同)certification, credential, credentials
authorize by certificate
any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves (同)medick, trefoil
furnished with or authorized by a certificate: "certificated teachers"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『医学の』,医術の;医者の / 内科の;内科治療を要する / 診察
『証明書』,証書,証券 / 『免証状』,認許状,(学位を伴わない)修業証書
医学生,インターン / 医学関係者;《特に米》衛生兵,看護兵
証明された,資格を与えられた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/28 19:16:45」(JST)

wiki en

Sample FAA airman medical certificate.

A medical certificate (sometimes referred to as a doctor's certificate^[1]^[2]) is a statement from a physician or other health care provider that attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient.^[3] It can serve as a "sick note" (documentation that an employee is unfit for work) or evidence of a health condition.

The term "sick note" can also be attributed colloquially to Scott Hawker.

^[4]

An aegrotat (/ˈiːɡroʊtæt/; from Latin aegrotat, meaning "he/she is ill")^[5] or sick note is a type of medical certificate excusing a student's absence from school for reasons of illness.

Purpose and applications

Medical certificates are sometimes required to obtain certain health benefits from an employer, make an insurance claim, for tax purposes, or for certain legal procedures. Medical certificates are used to indicate eligibility of activity, such as the use of disabled parking. Medical certificates can also be used to describe a medical condition a person has, such as blindness. Medical certificates are often used to certify that someone is free of contagious diseases, drug addiction, mental illness, or other health issues.

Health criteria are often required when making an application for something, such as an eye examination to get a driver's license. Other times medical criteria are presented voluntarily by an applicant in a self-assessment, without either a doctor or access to the person's medical record. Specific health criteria or medical history are required for certain jobs.

In the United States, the majority of pilots are required to possess a valid medical certificate that certifies sound health as part of the requirements for piloting an airplane.^[6] In the U.S., sport pilots may use a valid state driver's license in place of a medical certificate, and glider and hot air balloon pilots are not required to obtain them.^[6]

Aegrotat

The term aegrotat (abbreviated as aegrot) is used primarily in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations. In the context of British undergraduate degrees a student who is too ill to finish may be awarded an aegrotat degree if the student otherwise would have passed exams or other requirements.

Impact on occupation

Except in certain unique circumstances, a holder of a medical certificate in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration may not "act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required flight crewmember of an aircraft".^[7]

A patient with conditions such as: measles, chicken-pox, hepatitis A, leprosy, typhoid fever, and whooping cough, can return to work immediately after their healing phase or medical tests. Almost always the patient may only be allowed to return to work upon submission of a medical certificate.^[8]

Impact of medical certificate on sick leave payment

Eligibility

Sometimes, there are standards and procedures in place, for workers in a certain field to be eligible to receive a medical certificate. Any airman at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must give their employees access to the National Driver Register. On top of this, other tests which are required for first-, second- and third-class airmen are: eye, ear/nose/throat/equilibrium, mental, neurologic, and cardiovascular.^[9]

The India List and India Office List 1905 explains that officers on "Long Leave in Europe" must, among other things, provide a medical certificate, which is obtained at the Medical Board of India Office.^[10]

Practical Guide to Employees' State Insurance Act, Rules and Regulations explains that under the ESI Act, the employee must obtain a medical certificate via the ESI Dispensary/Hospital, which then gets deposited at the nearest office of the ESI Corporation.^[11]

Falsification

As many illnesses can come about suddenly, sometimes the worker will not have enough time to receive a medical certificate, or may be too sick to obtain one. In other cases, the worker may not be bothered to go to the trouble of getting one, or may be lying about their illness and want to falsify a certificate to back up their story to their boss.

There have been discussions regarding whether it is okay to fire someone for submitting a fabricated medical certificates.^[12] In many cases, it is deemed wrong, such as in Australia where a bank officer was dismissed after handing in a forged certificate, which prompted a Fair Work Australia Commissioner to say they had a "continued lack of regard for the truth".^[13] Another example is a WA police officer who was stood down after committing the same offense.^[14] Sometimes it is not so black and white. In one case, a woman claimed she was "coerced into falsifying [a] medical certificate [which ultimately led to her being fired] because she was 'being bullied and treated unfairly' by two managers".^[15]

There are some companies that sell fake medical certificates.^[16] Although the site Doctors Note Store sells "fake sick notes and medical certificates for workers in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom", they add that the "fakes are for 'novelty use only'".^[17]

At Flinders University, "providing a forged medical certificate" is viewed as academic misconduct.^[18]

In New South Wales, medical professionals who "deliberately issue a false, misleading or inaccurate certificate" can be charged under the Medical Practice Act. This is in response to The New South Wales Medical Board "receiving numerous complaints from employers, insurers, the courts, etc regarding the quality, accuracy and truthfulness of sickness certificates".^[19]

Validation

In order to prove that one's medical certificate is authentic, the following should be done and taken into consideration:^[19]

Having it written in legible text, in the doctor's handwriting, and without "abbreviations or medical jargon".
Should only include facts or observations made by the doctor, and each should be justified.
Should include the date of appointment, how sick the patient is, the date they can go back to work, be addressed to the recipient of the certificate (boss etc.),
Should only be for something "observed by the doctor" or "reported by the patient and deemed to be true by the doctor".
Can be issued after the patient has taken sick leave, but it must include the date of appointment, and the length of time the employee should be out of work for.
Should consider if the patient can return to work before they have fully healed, but with "altered duties".
Respect "rights to confidentiality" and consent of patient (sometimes, the reason for sick leave may be personal and the patient may request it taken off the certificate, in which case "it should be made clear to the patient that the information provided on the certificate may not be sufficient to attract sick leave and that an employer has the ultimate right to accept or to reject a certificate".
Falsifying a medical certificate is a form of fraud.

References

^ "Employers should not question a doctor’s certificate: AMA". Workplaceinfo.com.au. 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
^ "Doctor’s certificate questioned after MP skips parliament". Medical Observer. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
^ S. Ashtekar (1 January 2001). Health and Healing: A Manual of Primary Health Care. Orient Blackswan. pp. 576–. ISBN 978-81-250-1624-3. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ "Medical certificates". Workplaceinfo.com.au. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
^ Mejia, Lisa (2015). Shail Medical and Maitarniti Centre. Croften.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Government Printing Office. p. 16-2. ISBN 0160823676. Retrieved January 2013.
^ Staff, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1982). "The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America": 12.
^ Manual Of Community Nursing and Communicable Diseases. p. 487. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ Staff, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1982). "The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America": 67.
^ The India List and India Office List. p. 262. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ Practical Guide to Employees' State Insurance Act, Rules and Regulations. p. 126. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Sacked for Submitting False Medical Certificates - Fair?". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Employee sacked for creating false medical certificate". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Officer stood down for allegedly forging medical certificate". December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Sacked worker forged medical certificate and claimed she nearly died because the way she was treated". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Australian Sick Notes & Medical Certificates". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "AMA warns over fake sick notes". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Important Changes to the University’s Student Policies and Procedures". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Medical Certificates Policy". p. 67 accessdate=January 11, 2013.

External links

One and another sample medical certificate.
A New Zealand university policy on aegrotat degrees

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 長期酸素補充療法 long term supplemental oxygen therapy
2. 他の病状に影響を与える心理的要因：臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 psychological factors affecting other medical conditions clinical features assessment and diagnosis
3. 成人外傷患者における入院前のケア prehospital care of the adult trauma patient
4. 商業用運転免許の試験 commercial drivers license examination
5. 小児に対する入院前ケアの留意事項 pediatric considerations in prehospital care

English Journal

Value-based neurosurgery: measuring and reducing the cost of microvascular decompression surgery.

McLaughlin N1, Upadhyaya P, Buxey F, Martin NA.
Journal of neurosurgery.J Neurosurg.2014 Jul 11:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Object Care providers have put significant effort into optimizing patient safety and quality of care. Value, defined as meaningful outcomes achieved per dollar spent, is emerging as a promising framework to redesign health care. Scarce data exist regarding cost measurement and containment for episod
PMID 25014441

The role of social deprivation in severe neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Sharma HE1, Mathewson PA1, Lane M1, Shah P2, Glover N1, Palmer H1, Haque MS3, Denniston AK4, Tsaloumas MD1.
The British journal of ophthalmology.Br J Ophthalmol.2014 Jul 4. pii: bjophthalmol-2014-304959. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-304959. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Advances in therapy have improved outcomes for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Prompt access to treatment is a priority and may be used as a key performance indicator. In this study, we investigate how social deprivation may impact on access to ser
PMID 24997180

All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in Western Alaska Native People: Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health (WATCH).

Howard BV1, Metzger JS, Koller KR, Jolly SE, Asay ED, Wang H, Wolfe AW, Hopkins SE, Kaufmann C, Raymer TW, Trimble B, Provost EM, Ebbesson SO, Austin MA, Howard WJ, Umans JG, Boyer BB.
American journal of public health.Am J Public Health.2014 Jul;104(7):1334-40. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301614. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Objectives. We determined all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in western Alaska Native people and examined agreement between death certificate information and adjudicated cause of deaths. Methods. Data from 4 cohort studies were consolidated. Death certificates and medical
PMID 24754623

Japanese Journal

幼稚園・保育所における視覚面に気がかりがある乳幼児および視覚障害乳幼児の支援に関する現状と課題

中村素子,大城英名
秋田大学教育文化学部研究紀要. 教育科学 70, 113-124, 2015-03-01
… The main findings were as follows: (1) The owner of the teacher's certificate of special support education was 1.0% in the 3,017 staff of nursery school / preschool. … And 28 of 38 children were "strabismus", "low vision" and "ametropia" which need medical care. …
NAID 110009897006

関節リウマチと保険診療

生野英祐
臨床リウマチ 27(1), 7-13, 2015
近年，急速な高齢化の進展や高額な先端医療の増加によって医療費が増大し，世界的に社会保険制度の見直しや改革が求められている．関節リウマチ（RA）の診療においても，治療の進歩と保険制度の改革によって大きな変化が生じている． 2011年に本邦でもメトトレキサート（MTX）の最大投与量が引き上げられ，より戦略的な治療が可能となった．これまで治療が困難であった高疾患活動性の患者でも，MTXの増量や …
NAID 130005067615

Comparison of Cardiovascular Mortality in the Great East Japan and the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquakes　– A Large-Scale Data Analysis of Death Certificates –

, , [他], , , , , , , , , ,
Circulation Journal 79(5), 1000-1008, 2015
… In the present study, we examined how these different earthquake types affected CVD mortality.Methods and Results:We examined death certificate data from 2008 to 2012 for 131 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures (n=320,348) and from 1992 to 1996 for 220 municipalities in Hyogo, Osaka, and Kyoto prefectures (n=592,670). …
NAID 130005066287