| Urethral meatal stenosis |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-9-CM |
598.9 |
| DiseasesDB |
13562 |
| MedlinePlus |
001599 |
| MeSH |
D014525 |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Urethral meatal stenosis or urethral stricture is a narrowing (stenosis) of the opening of the urethra at the external meatus , thus constricting the opening through which urine leaves the body from the urinary bladder.
Contents
- 1 Causes, incidence, and risk factors
- 2 Symptoms
- 3 Signs and tests
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 Prevention
- 7 References
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
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This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) |
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Studies have indicated that male circumcision contributes to the development of urethral stricture. Among circumcised males, reported incidence figures include 0%,[1] 0.01%,[2] 0.55%,[3] 0.9%,[4] 2.8%,[5] 7.29%,[6] 9-10%,[7] 11%,[8] and 20%,[9] In Van Howe's study, all cases of meatal stenosis were among circumcised boys.[6] When the meatus is not covered by the foreskin, it can rub against urine soaked diapers resulting in inflammation and mechanical trauma.[7] Meatal stenosis may also be caused by ischemia resulting from damage to the frenular artery during circumcision.[6][7][10]
In non-circumcised males, meatal stenosis can occur where phimosis or lichen sclerosus is present.[11][12] In females, this can be a congenital condition that can be corrected surgically. Surgical treatment, or vaginoplasty is done to separate a fused urethra and vagina or to repair of a urethra that is short[13]
Symptoms
- Abnormal strength and direction of urinary stream
- Visible narrow opening at the meatus in boys
- Irritation, scarring or swelling of the meatus in boys
- Discomfort with urination (dysuria and frequency)
- Incontinence (day or night)
- Bleeding (hematuria) at end of urination
- Urinary tract infections - increased susceptibility due to stricture
Signs and tests
In boys, history and physical exam is adequate to make the diagnosis. In girls, VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram) is usually diagnostic. Other tests may include:
- Urine analysis
- Urine culture
- CBC, basic metabolic panel
- Renal and bladder ultrasound
Treatment
In females, meatal stenosis can usually be treated in the physician's office using local anesthesia to numb the area and dilating (widening) the urethral opening with special instruments.
In boys, it is treated by a second surgical procedure called meatotomy in which the meatus is crushed with a straight mosquito hemostat and then divided with fine-tipped scissors.[7] Recently, home-dilatation has been shown to be a successful treatment for most boys.[14]
Prognosis
Most people can expect normal urination after treatment.[7]
Prevention
Meir and Livne suggest that use of a broad spectrum antibiotic after hypospadias repair will "probably reduce meatal stenosis [rates]",[15] while Jayanthi recommends the use of a modified Snodgrass hypospadias repair.[16] Viville states that "prevention is based essentially upon more caution in the use of indwelling urethral catheters."[17]
References
- ^ Sörensen SM, Sörensen MR (1988). "Circumcision with the Plastibell device. A long-term follow-up". Int Urol Nephrol. 20 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/BF02550667. PMID 3384610.
- ^ Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE (July 2006). "Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003". Br J Surg. 93 (7): 885–90. doi:10.1002/bjs.5369. PMID 16673355.
- ^ Simforoosh N, Tabibi A, Khalili SA, et al. (November 2010). "Neonatal circumcision reduces the incidence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection: A large prospective study with long-term follow up using Plastibell". J Pediatr Urol. 8 (3): 320–3. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.10.008. PMID 21115400.
- ^ Yegane, R.A.; A.R. Kheirollahi; N.A. Salehi; M. Bashashati; J.A. Khoshdel; M. Ahmadi (May 2006). "Late complications of circumcision in Iran". Pediatr Surg Int. 22 (5): 442–445. doi:10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1. PMID 16649052.
- ^ Griffiths, D.M; Atwell JD; Freeman NV (1985). "A prospective survey of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children". Eur Urol. 11 (3): 184–7. PMID 4029234.
- ^ a b c Van Howe, R.S. (2006). "Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 45 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1177/000992280604500108. PMID 16429216.
- ^ a b c d e Angel, C.A. (June 12, 2006). "Meatal stenosis". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ Stenram A, Malmfors G, Okmian L (1986). "Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study". Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 20 (2): 89–92. doi:10.3109/00365598609040554. PMID 3749823.
- ^ Joudi, Marjan (2011). "Incidence of asymptomatic meatal stenosis in children following neonatal circumcision". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 7 (5): 526–528. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.08.005.
- ^ Persad, R.; S. Sharma; J. McTavish; C. Imber; P.D. Mouriquand (January 1995). "Clinical presentation and pathophysiology of meatal stenosis following circumcision". British Journal of Urology. 75 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07242.x. PMID 7850308.
- ^ Parkash, S.; S. Jeyakumar; K. Subramanyan; S. Chaudhuri (August 1973). "Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation". The Journal of Urology. 110 (2): 211–212. PMID 4722614.
- ^ Buechner, S.A. (September 2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU Int. 90 (5): 498–506. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02962.x. PMID 12175386.
- ^ Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD. Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025590; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
- ^ Searles, J.M.; A.E. MacKinnon (March 2004). "Home-dilatation of the urethral meatus in boys". BJU Int. 93 (4): 596–597. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04680.x. PMID 15008738.
- ^ Meir, D.B.; P.M. Livne (June 2004). "Is prophylactic antimicrobial treatment necessary after hypospadias repair?". The Journal of Urology. 171 (6 part 2): 2621–2622. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000124007.55430.d3. PMID 15118434.
- ^ Jayanthi, V.R. (October 2003). "The modified Snodgrass hypospadias repair: reducing the risk of fistula and meatal stenosis". The Journal of Urology. 170 (4 part 2): 1603–1605; discussion 1605. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000085260.52825.73. PMID 14501672.
- ^ Viville, C.; J. Weltzer (1981). "[Iatrogenic stenosis of the male urethra. 50 cases (author's transl)]". Journal d'urologie (in French). 87 (7): 413–418. PMID 7310161.
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Diseases of the urinary system (N00–N39, 580–599)
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|
| Kidney disease |
| Glomerules |
Primarily
nephrotic |
| Non-proliferative |
- Minimal change
- Focal segmental
- Membranous
|
|
| Proliferative |
- Mesangial proliferative
- Endocapillary proliferative
- Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary
|
|
| By condition |
|
|
|
Primarily
nephritic,
RPG |
| Type I RPG/Type II hypersensitivity |
|
|
| Type II RPG/Type III hypersensitivity |
- Post-streptococcal
- Lupus
- IgA/Berger's
|
|
| Type III RPG/Pauci-immune |
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Microscopic polyangiitis
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
|
|
|
| General |
- glomerulonephritis
- glomerulonephrosis
|
|
|
| Tubules |
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Genetic
- Fanconi syndrome
- Bartter syndrome
- Gitelman syndrome
- Liddle's syndrome
|
|
| Interstitium |
- Interstitial nephritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Balkan endemic nephropathy
|
|
| General |
| General syndromes |
- Nephritis
- Nephrosis
- Renal failure
- Acute renal failure
- Chronic kidney disease
- Uremic pericarditis
- Uremia
- Diabetes insipidus
- Renal papilla
- Major calyx/pelvis
- Hydronephrosis
- Pyonephrosis
- Reflux nephropathy
|
|
| Vascular |
- Renal artery stenosis
- Renal ischemia
- Hypertensive nephropathy
- Renovascular hypertension
- Renal cortical necrosis
|
|
| Other |
- Analgesic nephropathy
- Renal osteodystrophy
- Nephroptosis
- Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
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|
|
|
| Urinary tract |
| Ureter |
- Ureteritis
- Ureterocele
- Megaureter
|
|
| Bladder |
- Cystitis
- Interstitial cystitis
- Hunner's ulcer
- Trigonitis
- Hemorrhagic cystitis
- Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
- Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
- Vesicointestinal fistula
- Vesicoureteral reflux
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| Urethra |
- Urethritis
- Non-gonococcal urethritis
- Urethral syndrome
- Urethral stricture/Meatal stenosis
- Urethral caruncle
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| Any/all |
- Obstructive uropathy
- Urinary tract infection
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
- Urolithiasis
- Bladder stone
- Kidney stone
- Renal colic
- Malakoplakia
- Urinary incontinence
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