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a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/20 15:17:46」(JST)

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1. 美容適応としてのボツリヌス毒素：特定部位治療 botulinum toxin for cosmetic indications treatment of specific sites
2. 美容適応としてのボツリヌス毒素投与の概要 overview of botulinum toxin for cosmetic indications
3. 下顎関節（TMJ）脱臼の整復 reduction of temporomandibular joint tmj dislocation
4. 歯性感染症の合併症、診断、および治療 complications diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic infections
5. 深頸部の感染症 deep neck space infections

English Journal

Efficacy and safety of incobotulinum toxin A in periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy: side-by-side comparison with onabotulinum toxin A.

Lee JH, Park JH, Lee SK, Han KH, Kim SD, Yoon CS, Park JY, Lee JH, Yang JM, Lee JH.Author information Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.AbstractBackground: Incobotulinum is a newly developed botulinum toxin A in which the complexing proteins had been removed. Objective: The aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of incobotulinum with onabotulinum in treating periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, split-face study was planned. Fifty-six patients were treated for periocular rhytides and the other 56 patients were treated for masseteric hypertrophy. Onabotulinum was injected on one side of the face and incobotulinum was injected on the other side of the face. The degree of periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy was rated using Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS) and 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) (0: the minimum to 10: the maximum). Objective and subjective rating was performed at pretreatment and every posttreatment follow-up visit by investigators and subjects. Result: The efficacy and safety of incobotulinum were not inferior to those of onabotulinum in treating periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy up to 16 weeks after injection. There were no noteworthy differences in the onset time of effect between two botulinum toxins for periocular wrinkles and masseteric hypertrophy. No adverse event was reported. Conclusion: Incobotulinum provided non-inferior efficacy and safety for the treatment of periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy compared with classic onabotulinum.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Aug;25(4):326-30. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.769041. Epub 2013 Jun 2.
Background: Incobotulinum is a newly developed botulinum toxin A in which the complexing proteins had been removed. Objective: The aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of incobotulinum with onabotulinum in treating periocular rhytides and masseteric hypertrophy. Methods: A randomized, double-b
PMID 23356833

Peripheral G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels are involved in δ-opioid receptor-mediated anti-hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle.

Chung MK, Cho YS, Bae YC, Lee J, Zhang X, Ro JY.Author information Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA.AbstractBACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of peripherally administered opioid has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms of its anti-hyperalgesic effects are poorly understood. G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are linked to opioid receptors in the brain. However, the role of peripheral GIRK channels in analgesia induced by peripherally administered opioid, especially in trigeminal system, is not clear.
European journal of pain (London, England).Eur J Pain.2014 Jan;18(1):29-38. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00343.x. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
BACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of peripherally administered opioid has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms of its anti-hyperalgesic effects are poorly understood. G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are linked to opioid rece
PMID 23740773

c-Fos induction in the brainstem following electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion of chronically mandibular nerve-transected rats.

Abe T, Shimoda T, Urade M, Hasegawa M, Sugiyo S, Takemura M.Author information Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo , Japan .AbstractAbstract Neuronal excitability in the trigeminal sensory nuclei (TSN) changes after nerve transection. We examined the effects of chronic transection of the trigeminal nerve on the c-Fos-immunoreactivity in the TSN induced 2 h after 10 min of electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) at C-fiber activating condition (1.0 mA, 5 ms, 5 Hz) in urethane-anesthetized rats. In the non-transected control rats, stimulation of the TG induced c-Fos-immunoreactive cells (c-Fos-IR cells) mostly in superficial layers (VcI/II) of the nucleus caudalis (Vc) in its full extent along the dorsomedial-ventrolateral axis, but modestly in the rostral TSN above the obex, the principal, oral, and interpolar nuclei. Three days, 1, 2, or 3 weeks after transection of the inferior alveolar (IAN), infraorbital, or masseteric nerves, the stimulation of the TG induced c-Fos-IR cells in the central terminal fields of the transected nerve in the rostral TSN and magnocellular zone of the Vc. However, the number of c-Fos-IR cells in the VcI/II decreased inside the central terminal fields of the transected nerve and increased outside the fields. These results indicate that transection of the trigeminal nerve increases the excitability of TSN neurons that receive inputs from injured mechanoreceptors and uninjured nociceptors, but decreases it from injured nociceptors. The altered c-Fos responses may imply mechanisms of neuropathic pain seen after nerve injury.
Somatosensory & motor research.Somatosens Mot Res.2013 Dec;30(4):175-84. doi: 10.3109/08990220.2013.790805. Epub 2013 May 30.
Abstract Neuronal excitability in the trigeminal sensory nuclei (TSN) changes after nerve transection. We examined the effects of chronic transection of the trigeminal nerve on the c-Fos-immunoreactivity in the TSN induced 2 h after 10 min of electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG
PMID 23721649