WordNet

spread manure, as for fertilization (同)muck
any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta usually with litter material
any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile (同)fertiliser, plant food
chicken excreta used as fertilizer
horse excreta used as fertilizer
cow excreta used as fertilizer

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肥料,こやし / 〈土地〉‘に'肥料をやる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/05 11:07:02」(JST)

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"Animal waste" redirects here. For other types of animal waste, see Urine.

This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see feces.

Animal manure is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable.

Manure is organic matter used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web. It is also a product obtained after decomposition of organic matter like cow-dung which replenishes the soil with essential elements and add humus to the soil.

In the past, the term “manure” included inorganic fertilizers, but this usage is now very rare.

Types[edit]

There are three main classes of manures used in soil management:

Animal manures[edit]

Cement reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural Hainan Province, China.

Most animal manure is feces. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (liquid manure). FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as slurry, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used, instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, humans (sewage), and guano from seabirds and bats all have different properties.^[1] For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds the way that cattle do. Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.

Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as wool (shoddy and other hair), feathers, blood, and bone. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed meat and bone meal, an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter.

Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.

Compost[edit]

Main article: Compost

Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.

Plant manures[edit]

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil. Leguminous plants such as clover are often used for this, as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure.

Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the rumens of slaughtered ruminants, spent hops (left over from brewing beer) and seaweed.

Uses of manure[edit]

Manure on a wall

Animal dung has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it improves the soil structure (aggregation), so that it holds more nutrients and water, and becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity, which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.

Manures with a particularly unpleasant odor (such as human sewage or slurry from intensive pig farming) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter, herbivore manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores or omnivores. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but, after a period of composting, are valuable fertilizers.

Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold retail as a soil amendment. Sometimes even human sewage sludge is used, as is the case for Dillo Dirt, a product that has been sold by the city of Austin, Texas municipal wastewater department since 1989.

Precautions[edit]

Manure generates heat as it decomposes, and it is possible for manure to ignite spontaneously if stored in a massive pile.^[2] Once such a large pile of manure is burning, it will foul the air over a very large area and require considerable effort to extinguish. Therefore, large feedlots must take care to ensure that piles of fresh manure do not get excessively large. There is no serious risk of spontaneous combustion in smaller operations.^{[citation needed]}

There is also a risk of insects carrying feces to food and water supplies, making them unsuitable for human consumption.

Livestock antibiotics[edit]

In 2007, a University of Minnesota study^[3] indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate antibiotics from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.

Organic foods may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by Soil Association Standard 4.7.38, most organic arable farmers either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria — Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.^[3]

Notes[edit]

^ "Manure". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
^ "Spontaneous Combustion of Manure Starts 200-Acre Blaze 1/08/07 |". abc7.com. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
^ ^a ^b staff (2007-07-12). "Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods". Ens-newswire.com. Retrieved 2012-11-14.

External links[edit]

Look up manure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manure.

Manure advice for use in gardens
North American Manure Expo
Cornell Manure Program
Manure Management, Water Quality Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center, an eXtension community of practice about animal manure management
Antibiotics and Hormones in Animal Manure (Webcast): A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure

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English Journal

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province, China.

Guo XY1, Hao LJ2, Qiu PZ2, Chen R2, Xu J1, Kong XJ1, Shan ZJ1, Wang N1.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes.J Environ Sci Health B.2016 Jun 2;51(6):383-392. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (
PMID 26963628

Ammonia-LCFA synergetic co-inhibition effect in manure-based continuous biomethanation process.

Wang H1, Fotidis IA2, Angelidaki I1.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Jun;209:282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 8.
In the current study it has been hypothesized that, when organic loading of an anaerobic reactor is increased, the additional cell biomass biosynthesis would capture more ammonia nitrogen and thereby reduce the ammonia toxicity. Therefore, the alleviation of the toxicity of high ammonia levels using
PMID 26985628

Speciation and transformation of heavy metals during vermicomposting of animal manure.

Lv B1, Xing M2, Yang J3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Jun;209:397-401. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.015. Epub 2016 Mar 5.
This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of vermicomposting on the speciation and mobility of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu) in cattle dung (CD) and pig manure (PM) using tessier sequential extraction method. Results showed that the pH, total organic carbon and C/N ratio were reduced, whil
PMID 26976060

The effect and biological mechanism of COD/TN ratio on nitrogen removal in a novel upflow microaerobic sludge reactor treating manure-free piggery wastewater.

Li J1, Meng J2, Li J2, Wang C2, Deng K2, Sun K2, Buelna G3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Jun;209:360-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.008. Epub 2016 Mar 5.
A novel upflow microaerobic sludge reactor (UMSR) was constructed to treat manure-free piggery wastewater with high NH4(+)-N concentration and low COD/TN ratio, and the effect and biological mechanism of COD/TN ratio on nitrogen removal were investigated at a constant hydraulic retention time of 8h
PMID 26972024

Japanese Journal

Establishment of evaluation method to determine effects of veterinary medicinal products on manure fermentation using small-scale composting apparatus