WordNet

a toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting the insecticide Malathion
a yellow insecticide used as a dust or spray to control garden pests and house flies and mites

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/19 10:52:44」(JST)

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"Ovide" redirects here. For the animated series Ovide and the Gang, see Ovide and the Gang.

"Malamar" redirects here. For the Pokémon, see List of Pokémon in Pokémon X and Y#Malamar.

Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Malathion is an insecticide of relatively low human toxicity. In the former USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion.^[3]

Pesticide use[edit]

Malathion is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication.^[4] In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide.^[5]

Malathion was used in the 1980s in California to combat the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. This was accomplished on a wide scale by the near weekly aerial spraying of suburban communities for a period of several months. Formations of three or four agricultural helicopters would overfly suburban portions of Alameda County, San Bernardino County, San Mateo County, Santa Clara County, San Joaquin County, Stanislaus County, and Merced County releasing a mixture of malathion and corn syrup, the corn syrup being a bait for the fruit flies. Malathion has also been used to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly in Australia.^[6]

Malathion was sprayed in many cities to combat West Nile virus. In the Fall of 1999 and the Spring of 2000, Long Island and the five boroughs of New York City were sprayed with several pesticides, one of which was malathion. While it was claimed by some anti-pesticide groups that use of these pesticides caused a lobster die-off in Long Island Sound, there is no conclusive evidence yet to support this.^[7]

Manitoba ordered the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba to be sprayed in July 2005 as part of the West Nile virus campaign. Prior to this, malathion was used over the last couple of decades on a regular basis during summer months to kill nuisance mosquitoes, but homeowners were allowed to exempt their properties if they chose. Today, Winnipeg is the only major city in Canada with an ongoing Malathion nuisance-adult-mosquito-control program.^[8]^[9]

Medical use[edit]

Malathion in low doses (0.5% preparations) is used as a treatment for:

Head lice and body lice. Malathion is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of pediculosis.^[10]^[11] It is claimed to effectively kill both the eggs and the adult lice, but in fact has been shown in UK studies to be only 36% effective on head lice, and less so on their eggs.^[12] This low efficiency was found when malathion was applied to lice found on schoolchildren in the Bristol area in the UK and it is assumed to be caused by the lice having developed resistance against malathion.

Scabies^[13]

Preparations include Derbac-M, Prioderm, Quellada-M^[14] and Ovide.^[15]

Risks[edit]

General[edit]

Malathion itself is of low toxicity; however, absorption or ingestion into the human body readily results in its metabolism to malaoxon, which is substantially more toxic.^[16] In studies of the effects of long-term exposure to oral ingestion of malaoxon in rats, malaoxon has been shown to be 61 times more toxic than malathion.^[16] It is cleared from the body quickly, in three to five days.^[17] According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there is currently no reliable information on adverse health effects of chronic exposure to malathion.^[18] Acute exposure to extremely high levels of malathion will cause body-wide symptoms whose intensity will be dependent on the severity of exposure. Possible symptoms include skin and eye irritation, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, excessive sweating, seizures and even death. Most symptoms tend to resolve within several weeks. Malathion present in untreated water is converted to malaoxon during the chlorination phase of water treatment, so malathion should not be used in waters that may be used as a source for drinking water, or any upstream waters.

If malathion is used in an indoor, or other poorly ventilated environment, it can seriously poison the occupants living or working in this environment. A possible concern is that malathion being used in an outdoor environment, could enter a house or other building; however, studies by the EPA have conservatively estimated that possible exposure by this route is well below the toxic dose of malathion.^[16] Regardless of this fact, in jurisdictions which spray malathion for pest control, it is often recommended to keep windows closed and air conditioners turned off while spraying is taking place, in an attempt to minimize entry of malathion into the closed environment of residential homes.

In 1981, the late B. T. Collins,^[19] Director of the California Conservation Corps, publicly swallowed and survived a mouthful of dilute Malathion solution. This was an attempt to demonstrate Malathion's safety following an outbreak of Mediterranean fruit flies in California. Malathion was sprayed over a 1,400 sq mi (3,600 km²) area to control the flies.^[20]

In 1976, numerous malaria workers in Pakistan were poisoned by isomalathion, a contaminant that may be present in some preparations of malathion.^[21] It is capable of inhibiting carboxyesterase enzymes in those exposed to it. It was discovered that poor work practices had resulted in excessive direct skin contact with isomalathion contained in the malathion solutions. Implementation of good work practices, and the cessation of use of malathion contaminated with isomalathion led to the cessation of poisoning cases.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[edit]

A May 2010 study found that in a representative sample of US children, those with higher levels of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in their urine were more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but no causal relationship was established.^[22] Each 10-fold increase in urinary concentration of organophosphate metabolites was associated with a 55% to 72% increase in the odds of ADHD. The study was the first investigation on children's neurodevelopment to be conducted in a group with no particular pesticide exposure.^[22]^[23]

Carcinogenicity[edit]

Whether malathion is carcinogenic or not in humans is unknown. Malathion is classified by US EPA as having "suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential."^[24] This classification was based on the occurrence of liver tumors at excessive doses in mice and female rats and the presence of rare oral and nasal tumors in rats that occurred following exposure to very large doses. Researchers conducted a study involving participants from six Canadian provinces and found that exposure to organophosphates as a group and malathion alone was associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Malathion used as a fumigant was not associated with increased cancer risk. Between 1993 and 1997, as part of the Agricultural Health Study, researchers surveyed 19,717 pesticide applicators about their past pesticide exposures and health histories and no clear association between malathion exposure and cancer was reported.^[25]

Amphibians[edit]

Although current EPA regulations do not require amphibian testing, a 2008 study done by the University of Pittsburgh found that "cocktails of contaminants", which are frequently found in nature, were lethal to leopard frog tadpoles. They found that a combination of five widely used insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, endosulfan, and malathion) in concentrations far below the limits set by the EPA killed 99% of leopard frog tadpoles.^[26]

References[edit]

^ Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 755
^ Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 80
^ "alanwood.net". Retrieved 2007-09-16.
^ Malathion for mosquito control, US EPA
^ Bonner MR, Coble J, Blair A et al. (2007). "Malathion Exposure and the Incidence of Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study". American Journal of Epidemiology 166 (9): 1023–1034. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm182. PMID 17720683.
^ Edwards JW, Lee SG, Heath LM, Pisaniello DL (2007). "Worker exposure and a risk assessment of malathion and fenthion used in the control of Mediterranean fruit fly in South Australia". Environ. Res. 103 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.001. PMID 16914134.
^ ModelContaminants_Toxic Effec
^ Winnipeg.ca-UD: Public Works: Insect Control Branch
^ Malathion winnipeg
^ National Guideline Clearinghouse | Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice) in children and adults 2008
^ Amy J. McMichael; Maria K. Hordinsky (2008). Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments. Informa Health Care. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-57444-822-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ Downs AM, Stafford KA, Harvey I, Coles GC (1999). "Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice". Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (3): 508–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03046.x. PMID 10583056.
^ Julia A. McMillan; Ralph D. Feigin; Catherine DeAngelis; M. Douglas Jones (1 April 2006). Oski's pediatrics: principles & practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3894-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ British National Formulary 54th Ed. Sept 2007. ISBN 978-0-85369-736-7. ISSN0260-535X
^ "AHFS Drug Information". American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Edwards D (2006). "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion". US Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances EPA 738-R-06-030 journal: 9.
^ Maugh II, Thomas H. (16 May 2010). "Study links pesticide to ADHD in children". Los Angeles Times.
^ "US Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - Medical Management Guidelines for Malathion". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
^ "California Death Index, 1940-1997 [Database Online]". Provo, Utah: The Generations Network. 2000. Retrieved 2009-12-14
^ Bonfante, Jordan (1990-01-08). "Medfly Madness". TIME. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
^ Baker EL, Warren M, Zack M et al. (1978). "Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers". Lancet 1 (8054): 31–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90375-6. PMID 74508.
^ ^a ^b Bouchard, M. F.; Bellinger, D. C.; Wright, R. O.; Weisskopf, M. G. (2010). "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides". Pediatrics 125 (6): e1270–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3058. PMC 3706632. PMID 20478945.
^ "Organophosphate Pesticides Linked to ADHD". Medscape Today. May 17, 2010. Retrieved Dec. 11, 2012.
^ Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion, US EPA
^ Malathion Technical Fact Sheet
^ "Low Concentrations Of Pesticides Can Become Toxic Mixture For Amphibians". Science Daily. November 18, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2012.

External links[edit]

Malathion Technical Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
Malathion General Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
Malathion Pesticide Information Profile - Extension Toxicology Network
ATSDR ToxFAQs
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Re-evaluation of Malathion by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada

UpToDate Contents

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1. アタマジラミ症 pediculosis capitis
2. 疥癬 scabies
3. 有機リン剤およびカルバメート中毒 organophosphate and carbamate poisoning
4. ケジラミ症と眼瞼ケジラミ症 pediculosis pubis and pediculosis ciliaris
5. 有機食品と小児 organic foods and children

English Journal

The effects of pesticide exposure on ultraviolet-B radiation avoidance behavior in tadpoles.

Yu S1, Weir SM1, Cobb GP2, Maul JD3.Author information 1Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA.2Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.3Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA. Electronic address: jonathan.maul@ttu.edu.AbstractEffects of contaminants on behavior may have important consequences on wildlife populations because behaviors such as predation, predator avoidance, reproduction, and social interaction can affect population dynamics. As a common environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation causes various deleterious effects and some aquatic organisms actively avoid UVB radiation in water. However, the extent to which environmental contaminants can impair UVB avoidance has not been evaluated, which may cause greater UVB exposure and toxicity. In the present study, we used Xenopus laevis tadpoles to determine if acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of agricultural chemicals can alter tadpole response to UVB radiation. We exposed tadpoles to four pesticides (malathion, endosulfan, α-cypermethrin, and chlorothalonil) for 96h. At the end of the exposure, tadpoles were transferred to tanks divided into UVB and no-UVB areas. We observed tadpoles for 30min and recorded time spent in the UVB area. We compared the proportion of time tadpoles spent in the UVB area among different concentrations for each pesticide. There was no significant difference between FETAX control and solvent control tadpoles. When combined, control tadpoles spent less than half of the time in the UVB area indicating that X. laevis tadpoles exhibit UVB avoidance behavior. Tadpoles exposed to 5μg/L endosulfan spent significantly more time under UVB than control tadpoles. Other pesticides had no effect on tadpole UVB avoidance behavior. Our results suggest that some neurotoxic pesticides can affect UVB avoidance in larval amphibians, which may increase their exposure and subsequently the risk of UVB-induced damage. The present study highlights the importance of examining the interaction between two stressors that co-occur across broad spatial scales and to consider behavioral alteration when evaluating the risk of pesticides to amphibians.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 May 15;481:75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.018. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
Effects of contaminants on behavior may have important consequences on wildlife populations because behaviors such as predation, predator avoidance, reproduction, and social interaction can affect population dynamics. As a common environmental stressor, ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation causes various d
PMID 24589757

Determination of organothiophosphorus pesticides in water by liquid chromatography and post-column chemiluminescence with cerium(IV).

Catalá-Icardo M1, Lahuerta-Zamora L2, Torres-Cartas S3, Meseguer-Lloret S3.Author information 1Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Paranimf no.1, Grao de Gandía, 46730 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: mocaic@qim.upv.es.2Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain.3Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Paranimf no.1, Grao de Gandía, 46730 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain.AbstractA new, fast, selective and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of nine organothiophosphorus (OTP) pesticides, namely omethoate, dimethoate, disulfoton-sulfoxide, methidathion, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos. The pesticides were separated on a Kinetex C18 column by gradient elution with acetonitrile:water. A post-column basic hydrolysis of the pesticides and later a chemiluminescence (CL) reaction with cerium (IV) in acid medium was carried out. Hexadecylpyridinium chloride highly enhanced the CL emission. Under optimized conditions, linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification, and accuracy were determined. Both selectivity and sensitivity were compared with those obtained with UV detection. In combination with SPE, limits of detection in the range 15-80ng/L and 5-30ng/L were obtained when 250mL and 1000mL of solution were treated, respectively. When applied to 250mL of sample the inter-day precision of the method was between 3.5% and 7.3% and the intra-day precision between 2.9% and 6.0%. The method was applied to determine OTP pesticides in spiked water samples from different origins: irrigation, river, sea, ground, spring, mineral and tap waters, being the percentage of recovery of added amounts near 100% form most of the pesticides.
Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2014 May 9;1341:31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.024. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
A new, fast, selective and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of nine organothiophosphorus (OTP) pesticides, namely omethoate, dimethoate, disulfoton-sulfoxide, methidathion, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos. The pesticides were sep
PMID 24685163

Microbial degradation of an organophosphate pesticide, malathion.

Singh B1, Kaur J, Singh K.Author information 1Punjab Pollution Control Board , Patiala, Punjab , India and.AbstractOrganophosphorus pesticide, malathion, is used in public health, residential, and agricultural settings worldwide to control the pest population. It is proven that exposure to malathion produce toxic effects in humans and other mammals. Due to high toxicity, studies are going on to design effective methods for removal of malathion and its associated compounds from the environment. Among various techniques available, degradation of malathion by microbes proves to be an effective and environment friendly method. Recently, research activities in this area have shown that a diverse range of microorganisms are capable of degrading malathion. Therefore, we aimed at providing an overview of research accomplishments on this subject and discussed the toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, various microorganisms involved in its biodegradation and effect of various environmental parameters on its degradation.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 May;40(2):146-54. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.763222. Epub 2013 Feb 26.
Organophosphorus pesticide, malathion, is used in public health, residential, and agricultural settings worldwide to control the pest population. It is proven that exposure to malathion produce toxic effects in humans and other mammals. Due to high toxicity, studies are going on to design effective
PMID 23442144

Japanese Journal

Detection of Pesticides on Tomato Fruit Surface by Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

GHOLIPOUR Yousef,ERRA-BALSELLS Rosa,NONAMI Hiroshi
Environment Control in Biology 50(2), 107-116, 2012
… Fruits grown in the hydroponic system in a greenhouse were sprayed with a mixture of four pesticides including benomyl, triforine, milbemycin and malathion and collected one week later. … A malathion degradation product was also detected on the sprayed fruit pericarp. …
NAID 130002145349

Hepatoprotective effects of vitamin E/selenium against malathion-induced injuries on the antioxidant status and apoptosis-related gene expression in rats

ABOUL-SOUD Mourad A. M.,AL-OTHMAN Abdulaziz M.,EL-DESOKY Gaber E.,AL-OTHMAN Zeid A.,YUSUF Kareem,AHMAD Javed,AL-KHEDHAIRY Abdulaziz A.
Journal of toxicological sciences 36(3), 285-296, 2011-06-01
… The present study is undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and selenium (Se) against malathion (MTN)-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injuries in experimental rats. …
NAID 10029135776

タイのAedes (ヤブカ)属蚊の殺虫剤感受性の現状

Raweewan Srisawat,Narumon Komalamisra,Theerawit Phanphoowong,高崎智彦,Lucky Ronald Runtuwene,倉根一郎,成田弘成,江下優樹
日本赤十字豊田看護大学紀要 6(1), 31-37, 2011-03-31
デング熱の伝播を止めるのに現在使われている方法は、流行地域に殺虫剤を噴霧することである。そのような場合、媒介昆虫の殺虫剤感受性についての情報があれば、適切な殺虫剤を散布できるであろう。このことは対策プログラムの重要な要素でもある。そこで、WHO 感受性評価キットを使って、ネッタイシマカAedes aegypti とヒトスジシマカAe.albopictus の殺虫剤に対する感受性を調べた。2008 …
NAID 110008439809

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「マラソン」「マラチオン」

「マラソン」

Malathion
	IUPAC name Diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate
	Other names 2-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio) butanedioic acid diethyl ester; Malathion; Carbofos; Maldison; Mercaptothion; Ortho malathion
Identifiers
CAS number	121-75-5
PubChem	4004
ChemSpider	3864
UNII	U5N7SU872W
DrugBank	DB00772
KEGG	D00534
ChEBI	CHEBI:6651
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1200468
ATC code	P03AX03,QP53AF12
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES O=C(OCC)C(SP(=S)(OC)OC)CC(=O)OCC ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H19O6PS2/c1-5-15-9(11)7-8(10(12)16-6-2)19-17(18,13-3)14-4/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3 ; Key: JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/C10H19O6PS2/c1-5-15-9(11)7-8(10(12)16-6-2)19-17(18,13-3)14-4/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3; Key: JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYAK ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C10H19O6PS2
Molar mass	330.358021
Appearance	Clear colorless liquid
Density	1.23 g/cm3
Melting point	2.9 °C
Boiling point	156−157 °C at 0.7 mmHg
Solubility in water	145 mg/L at 20 °C
Solubility	Soluble in ethanol and acetone; very soluble in ethyl ether
log P	2.36 (octanol/water)
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C or 77 °F, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: marathon、Marathon, malathon
同: マラチオン malathion
関: 耐久競技

「マラチオン」

　　[★]

英: malathion
関: マラソン

[1] Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 755

[2] Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 80

[3] "alanwood.net". Retrieved 2007-09-16.

[4] Malathion for mosquito control, US EPA

[pmid17720683-5] Bonner MR, Coble J, Blair A et al. (2007). "Malathion Exposure and the Incidence of Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study". American Journal of Epidemiology 166 (9): 1023–1034. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm182. PMID 17720683.

[pmid16914134-6] Edwards JW, Lee SG, Heath LM, Pisaniello DL (2007). "Worker exposure and a risk assessment of malathion and fenthion used in the control of Mediterranean fruit fly in South Australia". Environ. Res. 103 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.001. PMID 16914134.

[7] ModelContaminants_Toxic Effec

[8] Winnipeg.ca-UD: Public Works: Insect Control Branch

[9] Malathion winnipeg

[10] National Guideline Clearinghouse | Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice) in children and adults 2008

[McMichaelHordinsky2008-11] Amy J. McMichael; Maria K. Hordinsky (2008). Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments. Informa Health Care. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-57444-822-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[12] Downs AM, Stafford KA, Harvey I, Coles GC (1999). "Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice". Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (3): 508–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03046.x. PMID 10583056.

[McMillanFeigin2006-13] Julia A. McMillan; Ralph D. Feigin; Catherine DeAngelis; M. Douglas Jones (1 April 2006). Oski's pediatrics: principles & practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3894-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[14] British National Formulary 54th Ed. Sept 2007. ISBN 978-0-85369-736-7. ISSN0260-535X

[AHFS_Drug_Information-15] "AHFS Drug Information". American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.

[REL-16] Edwards D (2006). "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion". US Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances EPA 738-R-06-030 journal: 9.

[Maugh_II-17] Maugh II, Thomas H. (16 May 2010). "Study links pesticide to ADHD in children". Los Angeles Times.

[18] "US Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - Medical Management Guidelines for Malathion". Retrieved 2008-04-02.

[CADI-BTC-19] "California Death Index, 1940-1997 [Database Online]". Provo, Utah: The Generations Network. 2000. Retrieved 2009-12-14

[20] Bonfante, Jordan (1990-01-08). "Medfly Madness". TIME. Retrieved May 21, 2009.

[pmid74508-21] Baker EL, Warren M, Zack M et al. (1978). "Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers". Lancet 1 (8054): 31–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90375-6. PMID 74508.

[Bouchard-22] Bouchard, M. F.; Bellinger, D. C.; Wright, R. O.; Weisskopf, M. G. (2010). "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides". Pediatrics 125 (6): e1270–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3058. PMC 3706632. PMID 20478945.

[23] "Organophosphate Pesticides Linked to ADHD". Medscape Today. May 17, 2010. Retrieved Dec. 11, 2012.

[24] Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion, US EPA

[25] Malathion Technical Fact Sheet

[26] "Low Concentrations Of Pesticides Can Become Toxic Mixture For Amphibians". Science Daily. November 18, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2012.

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malathion