Marathon

マラソン

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marathon

　

WordNet

1. a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians (同)battle of Marathon
2. any long and arduous undertaking (同)endurance contest
3. a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (また『marathon race』)《しばしばM-》マラソン競走(標準距離は42.195km) / (一般に)長距離競争;耐久競争

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/28 14:02:22」(JST)

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[Wiki ja表示]

Marathon(マラソン)とは、Bungie社(2000年にマイクロソフトに買収された後、2008年にスピンアウト)が開発した一人称視点シューティングゲームソフトである。1994年にMarathon(初回作)、1995年にMarathon 2: Durandal、1996年にMarathon Infinity(最終作)の計3作が発売された。全作品がMac用に、Marathon 2のみがWindows 95用にも発売された。2007年にMarathon 2がMarathon: DurandalとしてXbox 360用にリメイクされ、Xbox Live Arcadeで配信が開始された。2011年にはMarathon 2: Durandalを元にしたゲームエンジン、AlephOneが正式リリースされた。

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注意：以降の記述には物語・作品・登場人物に関するネタバレが含まれます。免責事項もお読みください。

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Marathon

FPS黎明期の作品としては珍しくストーリーと謎解きに比重が置かれ、ポリゴンによる3Dマップを採用、プレイヤーと共に戦ってくれるNPCも存在した。

ストーリー

2794年、主人公の乗った宇宙船Marathonがタウ・セティの第4惑星（タウ・セティIV）の軌道上に到着してから年月が経ち、惑星への植民も進んでいた。Marathonは、この植民計画のために火星の第2衛星デイモスを改造して作られた、巨大な宇宙船である。主人公は、ここで科学警備隊の将校（Security Officer）として任務に当たっていた。 しかし、突如地球外生命であるプフォール（Pfhor）による侵略を受けてしまう。その時、主人公は惑星上のコロニーからMarathonへと向かうシャトルに乗っていたが、そのシャトルがMarathonに搭載されていた人工知能であるデュランダル（Durandal）の指令を受けて爆破されてしまう。この侵略は、デュランダルがタウ・セティの近くを航行していたプフォールの宇宙船を呼び寄せたため起こってしまったのだ。間一髪のところで脱出ポッドに乗り込んで脱出した主人公はMarathonに到着、唯一無事に動作していたMarathonの人工知能リーラ（Leela）から指令を受ける。Marathonにはデュランダル、リーラ、ティコ（Tycho）の3つの人工知能が搭載されていたが、デュランダルは暴走し、ティコはプフォールの攻撃により沈黙してしまった。

そしてそこからプフォールとの壮絶な戦いが始まる…

Marathon 2: Durandal

ストーリー

Marathonがプフォールの襲撃を受けた後、主人公はエイリアン船の中枢に侵入して敵を混乱に陥れ、プフォールに隷従させられていたスフト（S'pht）の一斉蜂起を促して、侵略者をMarathonから排除することに成功した。惑星タウ・セティIVのコロニーでは、何者かによってMarathonに乗せられて密かに送り込まれ、市民の中に潜んでいたサイボーグミョルニル4型（Mjolnir Mark IV）9体が立ち上がってコロニーを守った。

デュランダルは、乗っ取ったプフォールの宇宙船スフィエラ（Sfiera：デュランダルはブーマー（Boomer）と改称）に自らを転送して17年間銀河系を彷徨い、ついにスフトの故郷である惑星ロウォン（Lh'owon）を発見した。その間、デュランダルに拉致された主人公や、プフォールの捕虜（生体実験の材料あるいは奴隷）としてスフィエラに捕らえられていたボブ（BOB：Born on Board：船上生まれ）達は、ずっと冬眠状態にあった。主人公は冬眠状態から目覚めさせられるや否や、突然ロウォンの地上にテレポートされる。そこには、すでにプフォール達が到着していた。

そして、デュランダルの指示の下、1000年前にプフォールに拉致された種族であるスフトの謎を探し求めてロウォンの探索を始めることになる…

前作との違い

Marathon 2は、前作から武器やキャラクターのグラフィックのほか、ユーザーインターフェイスが大きく変更された。

前作では、専ら殺戮されるのみであったボブ達は、デュランダルによって生体改造を施され、主人公が持つのと同じマグナムピストルを与えられて、主人公のサポートに当たるようになった。生身の人間であるため打たれ弱いが、射撃の腕は正確である。

Marathon Infinity

ストーリー

惑星ロウォンでの戦いの後、ボブ達はプフォールの輸送船を奪って地球へ帰ってしまい、主人公はまたもデュランダルに連れられて、新たに奪ったプフォールの戦艦クッファイヴァ（Khfiva：デュランダルはRozinante（ロジナンテ）と改称）で宇宙を旅することになった。ロウォンでの戦いに劣勢を強いられたプフォールは、最終兵器タリ・ジーム（Trih xeem）を使用し、ロウォンはその衝撃波に呑まれるとデュランダルに告げられた主人公に、選択の余地は無かった。

プフォールの故郷とされる星系は、地球歴にして29世紀の終わり頃、地球人とプフォールの侵略を免れたスフトの氏族カー（S'pht'Kr）との共同作戦により、抹消された。

ところが、プフォールがタリ・ジームを使用したことによって、予想外の事態が展開する。ロウォンを照らす太陽には古代から「何者か」が潜んでおり、それが再び目覚めそうになっているという。その「何者か」は、宇宙すべてを崩壊に追い込む渾沌の使者だという。

デュランダルと主人公は、ロウォン近くの小惑星群にある謎の宇宙ステーションに足止めされていて、身動きがとれない。状況は判然としないが、今はとにかくここを脱出しなければならない…

前作との違い

初代Marathonが暗闇と謎解きに重点がおかれ、難しすぎるとの声があった反面、Marathon2では闇からくる恐怖感が薄れ、撃ちっ放しで単調であるとの批判もあった。このため、Marathon Infinityでは再び暗闇が戻り、マップごとの明暗のコントラストが印象的になった。

ストーリー構成としては、Marathonシリーズの伏線を読み取ることができるほかは おおむね1本道のストーリーに沿って進んだ前作と異なり、「渾沌」に中心がおかれている。物語の時代や主人公の立場が目まぐるしく変化し、また主人公に指示を与える者も、デュランダルだけではない。敵味方の関係も、常に変化し続ける。

マップの難易度を決める謎解きは、初代Marathonほどの「意地悪さ」はないものの、前作Marathon2よりは複雑になった感がある。特に、普通に進んだのでは到達できない隠しマップへの分岐路が多数隠されており、ここへ踏み込むことによってシリーズ全体の謎がさらに深まるという、単に前進するだけではない面白さと難しさがある。

AnvilとForge

Marathon Infinityには、純正物理環境エディタであるAnvilと純正マップエディタであるForgeが付属していた。これにより、誰でもMarathonのマップが作れるようになり、サードパーティー製のマップが大量に発表された。 マップエディタには、OSX用にPfhorge、Windows用にシェアウェアのObedなども存在する。

AlephOne

Bungieがマイクロソフトに買収される数か月前、Marathon2のソースコードが公開され、2003年にFPS用ゲームエンジン「AlephOne」となってリリースされた。これはMarathonシリーズ全てのゲームデータとカスタムマップを読み込むことができ、3作全てがMacだけでなくWindows、Linuxでプレイ可能となった。TCP/IPによる通信にも対応しており、異なるOS間のオンライン対戦も可能である。2011年末にバージョン1.00がアナウンスされ、一つの節目となっている。

また、これとは別にThe Trilogy Releaseとして3部作の英語版の内容全てがBungieから無償でリリースされた。しかし、元々MarathonはMac OS 9以下で動作するように開発されているため、WindowsやLinuxで動作させる場合やMac OS XでClassicを使わずに動作させる為には、AlephOneを利用する必要がある。

日本語版

Marathonは3部作全てが日本語版に翻訳、発売された。発売元はアテイン株式会社である。有志によってこれらも配布され、AlephOneでプレイ配布になっているが、権利関係は明確にされていない。

他の作品との関連

同じBungieのいくつかの作品に、Marathonとの関連が見られる。

• Pathways into Darkness
• HALOには、Marathonのロゴが登場している。が、HALOのストーリーでMarathonとの関連がある訳ではない。

外部リンク

• 公式サイト
• AlephOne
  • Marathon@sourceforge
• The Trilogy Release

国内サイト

• MarathonWiki
  • Marathon@sourceforge.jp
• Miha's MARATHON Workshop
• まらぺ

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Marathon (disambiguation).

Competitors during the 2007 Berlin Marathon

Competitors during the 1990 London Marathon

The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres (26 miles and 385 yards), that is usually run as a road race. The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon, to Athens.

The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, though the distance did not become standardized until 1921. More than 500 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes. Smaller marathons, such as the Stanley Marathon, can have just dozens of participants, while larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.

History

Origin

Luc-Olivier Merson's painting depicting Pheidippides giving word of victory at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens

The name Marathon comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek messenger. The legend states that he was sent from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon (in which he had just fought), which took place in August or September, 490 BC. It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming "νενικηκαμεν’ (nenikekamen)", ("We wοn"), before collapsing and dying. The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appears in Plutarch's On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD which quotes from Heraclides Ponticus's lost work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles. Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) also gives the story but names the runner Philippides (not Pheidippides).

There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend. The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over 240 kilometres (150 mi) each way. In some Herodotus manuscripts the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having fought and won the grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.

In 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides. Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend.^{[citation needed]}

Mount Penteli stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that, if Pheidippides actually made his famous run after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either to the north or to the south. The latter and more obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lie of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and Penteli, and then gently downhill to Athens proper. This route, as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, was approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, and this was the approximate distance originally used for marathon races. However there have been suggestions that Pheidippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens. This route is considerably shorter, some 35 kilometres (22 mi), but includes a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).

Modern Olympics marathon

1896 Olympic marathon

When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece. The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks. The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon coming in fifth). The winner of the first Olympic Marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon "Spyros" Louis, a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds.

The women's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, USA) and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds.

Since the modern games were founded, it has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, with a finish inside the Olympic stadium, often within hours of, or even incorporated into, the closing ceremonies. The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics revived the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics.

The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya. The Olympic women's record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia. The men's London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda (2:08:01).

Marathon mania

Johnny Hayes' victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics contributed to the early growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States. Later that year, races around the holiday season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Year's Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York, marked the early running craze referred to as "marathon mania". Following the 1908 Olympics, the first five amateur marathons in New York City were held on days that held special meanings to ethnic communities: Thanksgiving Day, the day after Christmas, New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, and Lincoln's Birthday.

Frank Shorter's victory in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics would spur national enthusiasm for the sport more intense than that which followed Hayes' win 64 years earlier. By 2009, an estimated 467,000 runners completed a marathon within the United States. This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980. Nowadays, various marathons are held all around the world on a nearly weekly basis.

Inclusion of women

For a long time after the Olympic marathon started, there were no long-distance races, such as the marathon, for women. Although a few women had run the marathon distance, they were not included in any official results. Marie-Louise Ledru has been credited as the first woman to race a marathon. Violet Piercy has been credited as the first woman to be officially timed in a marathon. For challenging the long-held tradition of all-male marathon running in the Boston Marathon, in 1967, Kathrine Switzer is regarded as the first woman to run a marathon as a numbered entry, but did so unofficially, due to a fluke in the entry process. Bobbi Gibb had completed the Boston race unofficially the previous year, and was later recognized by the race organizers as the women’s winner for that year, as well as 1967 and 1968.

Distance

Olympic marathon distances
Year	Distance (km)	Distance (miles)
1896	40	24.85
1900	40.26	25.02
1904	40	24.85
1906	41.86	26.01
1908	42.195	26.22
1912	40.2	24.98
1920	42.75	26.56
1924 onward	42.195	26.22

The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first, but the marathon races in the first few Olympic Games were about 40 kilometres (25 mi), roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer, flatter route. The exact length depended on the route established for each venue.

1908 Olympics

Main article: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

The International Olympic Committee agreed in 1907 that the distance for the 1908 London Olympic marathon would be about 25 miles or 40 kilometres. The organisers decided on a course of 26 miles from the start at Windsor Castle to the royal entrance to the White City Stadium, followed by a lap (586 yards, 2 feet; 536 m) of the track, finishing in front of the Royal Box. The course was later altered to use a different entrance to the stadium, followed by a partial lap of 385 yards to the same finish. The race had a sensational conclusion. Italian Dorando Pietri entered the stadium first, in front of a large crowd including Queen Alexandra. He turned in the wrong direction, staggered several times, and was helped over the finish line. The next finisher, American Johnny Hayes, protested and was awarded the gold medal when Dorando was disqualified. Alexandra presented him with a cup for his valiant effort.

The standard distance for the marathon race was set by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) in May 1921 at 42.195 kilometres, as stated in rule 240 of their Competition Rules. This is the metric equivalent of the 26 miles and 385 yards of the marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

IAAF and world records

Samuel Wanjiru raises his hand in acknowledgment of the crowd as he runs to a gold medal in the 2008 Olympic marathon

An official IAAF marathon course must be at least 42.195 km and can be up to 42 m longer. Course officials add a short course prevention factor of up to one metre per kilometre to their measurements to reduce the risk of a measuring error producing a length below the minimum distance.

For events governed by IAAF rules, it is mandatory that the route be marked so that all competitors can see the distance covered in kilometres. The rules make no mention of the use of miles. The IAAF will only recognise world records that are established at events that are run under IAAF rules. For major events, it is customary to publish competitors' timings at the midway mark and also at 5 km splits; marathon runners can be credited with world records for lesser distances recognised by the IAAF (such as 20 km, 30 km and so on) if such records are established while the runner is running a marathon, and completes the marathon course.

Marathon races

See also: List of marathon races

2007 Barcelona Marathon

Annually, more than 500 marathons are organized worldwide. Some of these belong to the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS) which has grown since its foundation in 1982 to embrace over 300 member events in 83 countries and territories. Five of the largest and most prestigious races, Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London and New York City, form the biennial World Marathon Majors series, awarding $500,000 annually to the best overall male and female performers in the series.

In 2006, the editors of Runner's World selected a "World's Top 10 Marathons", in which the Amsterdam, Honolulu, Paris, Rotterdam, and Stockholm marathons were featured along with the five mentioned above. Other notable large marathons include United States Marine Corps Marathon, Los Angeles, and Rome. The Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon, inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held since 1897. The oldest annual marathon in Europe is the Košice Peace Marathon, held since 1924 in Košice, Slovakia. The historic Polytechnic Marathon was discontinued in 1996.

One of the more unusual marathons is the Midnight Sun Marathon held in Tromsø, Norway at 70 degrees north. Using unofficial and temporary courses, measured by GPS, races of marathon distance are now held at the North Pole, in Antarctica and over desert terrain. Among other unusual marathons to mention are: The Great Wall Marathon on The Great Wall of China, The Big Five Marathon among the safari wildlife of South Africa, The Great Tibetan Marathon – a marathon in an atmosphere of Tibetan Buddhism at an altitude of 3,500 metres (11,500 ft), and The Polar circle marathon on the permanent ice cap of Greenland in −15 degrees Celsius/+5 degrees Fahrenheit temperatures.

Some of the most scenic United States marathon routes are: Steamboat Marathon, Steamboat Springs, Colorado; Mount Desert Island Marathon, Bar Harbor, Maine; Mayor's Marathon, Anchorage, Alaska; Kona Marathon, Keauhou/Kona, Hawaii; San Francisco Marathon, San Francisco, California.

The Intercontinental Istanbul Eurasia Marathon is the only marathon where participants run over two continents, Europe and Asia, during the course of a single event. In the Detroit Free Press Marathon, participants cross the US/Canadian border twice. The Niagara Falls International Marathon includes one international border crossing, via the Peace Bridge from Buffalo, New York, USA to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada.

Wheelchair division

A pack of Wheelchair Division participants in the 2009 Boston Marathon

Many marathons feature a wheelchair division. Typically, those in the wheelchair racing division start their races earlier than their running counterparts.

The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, won by Bob Hall in 2:54. Hall competed in the 1975 Boston Marathon and finished in 2:58, inaugurating the introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon. From 1977 the race was declared the US National Wheelchair championship. The Boston Marathon awards $10,000 to the winning push-rim athlete. Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston Marathon wheelchair division nine times and holds the world record at 1:18:27, set in Boston in 2004. Jean Driscoll won eight times (seven consecutively) and holds the women's world record at 1:34:22.

The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entrants in 1977, citing safety concerns, but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause. The Division ruled in 1979 that the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club had to allow wheelchair athletes to compete, and confirmed this at appeal in 1980, but the State Supreme Court ruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the marathon was historically a foot race. However, by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were competing, and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.

Statistics

World records and world's best

See also Marathon world record progression, Marathon year rankings and ARRS.

Catherine Ndereba was the fastest female marathon runner on record from 2001 to 2002.

World records were not officially recognized by the IAAF until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the marathon were referred to as the 'world best'. Courses must conform to IAAF standards for a record to be recognized. However, marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation, course, and surface, making exact comparisons impossible. Typically, the fastest times are set over relatively flat courses near sea level, during good weather conditions and with the assistance of pacesetters.^{[citation needed]}

The current world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours 3 minutes and 38 seconds, set in the Berlin Marathon by Patrick Makau of Kenya on 25 September 2011, an improvement of 21 seconds over the previous record also set in the Berlin Marathon by Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia on 28 September 2008. The world record for women was set by Paula Radcliffe of Great Britain in the London Marathon on 13 April 2003, in 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds.

On 18 April 2011, Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya ran the fastest marathon ever in a time of 2 hours 3 minutes 2 seconds at the 2011 Boston Marathon, but the mark will not be recognized as a world record since the Boston course fails the IAAF criteria for world record eligibility.

World all-time top ten lists

According to IAAF statistics, the following men and women are among the top ten fastest at the marathon distance.

Key:       Awaiting ratification

Men

Time	Athlete	Country	Date	Location
2h03:38	Patrick Makau	Kenya	25 September 2011	Berlin
2h03:42	Wilson Kipsang	Kenya	30 October 2011	Frankfurt
2h03:59	Haile Gebrselassie	Ethiopia	28 September 2008	Berlin
2h04:15	Geoffrey Mutai	Kenya	9 September 2012	Berlin
2h04:16	Dennis Kimetto	Kenya	9 September 2012	Berlin
2h04:23	Ayele Abshero	Ethiopia	27 January 2012	Dubai
2h04:27	Duncan Kibet	Kenya	5 April 2009	Rotterdam
2h04:27	James Kwambai	Kenya	5 April 2009	Rotterdam
2h04:38	Tsegaye Kebede	Ethiopia	7 October 2012	Chicago
2h04:40	Emmanuel Mutai	Kenya	17 April 2011	London

Women

Time	Athlete	Country	Date	Location
2h15:25	Paula Radcliffe	United Kingdom	13 April 2003	London
2h18:20	Liliya Shobukhova	Russia	9 October 2011	Chicago
2h18:37	Mary Keitany	Kenya	22 April 2012	London
2h18:47	Catherine Ndereba	Kenya	7 October 2001	Chicago
2h18:58	Tiki Gelana	Ethiopia	15 April 2012	Rotterdam
2h19:12	Mizuki Noguchi	Japan	25 September 2005	Berlin
2h19:19	Irina Mikitenko	Germany	28 September 2008	Berlin
2h19:31	Aselefech Mergia	Ethiopia	27 January 2012	Dubai
2h19:34	Lucy Kabuu	Kenya	27 January 2012	Dubai
2h19:36	Deena Kastor	United States	23 April 2006	London

Oldest marathoner

Fauja Singh, 100, finished the Toronto Waterfront Marathon, becoming the first centenarian ever to officially complete that distance. Singh, a British citizen, finished the race on 16 October 2011 with a time of 8:11:5.9, making him the oldest marathoner.

Gladys Burrill, a 92-year-old British woman and part-time resident of Hawaii, previously held the Guinness World Records title of oldest person to complete a marathon with her 9 hours 53 minutes performance at the 2010 Honolulu Marathon. The records of the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, at that time, however, suggested that Singh was overall the oldest marathoner, completing the 2004 London Marathon at the age of 93 years and 17 days, and that Burrill is the oldest female marathoner, completing the 2010 Honolulu Marathon at the age of 92 years and 19 days. Singh's age was also reported to be 93 by other sources.

Participation

In 2011, there were approximately 518,000 marathon finishers in the United States.

Multiple marathons

As marathon running has become more popular, some athletes have undertaken challenges involving running a series of marathons.

The 100 Marathon Club is intended to provide a focal point for all runners, particularly from the United Kingdom or Ireland, who have completed 100 or more races of marathon distance or longer. At least 10 of these events must be United Kingdom or Ireland Road Marathons. Club chairman Roger Biggs has run more than 700 marathons or ultras. Brian Mills completed his 800th marathon on 17 September 2011.

Steve Edwards, a member of the 100 Marathon Club, set the world record for running 500 marathons in the fastest average finish time of 3 hours 15 minutes, at the same time becoming the first man to run 500 marathons with an official time below 3 hours 30 minutes, on 11 November 2012 at Milton Keynes, England. The records took 24 years to achieve. Edwards was 49 at the time.

Over 350 individuals have completed a marathon in each state of the United States plus Washington, D.C. and some have done it as many as eight times. Beverly Paquin, a 22-year old nurse from Iowa, was the youngest woman to run a marathon in all 50 states. A few weeks later, Morgan Cummings (also 22) became the youngest woman to complete a marathon in all 50 states and DC. In 2004, Chuck Bryant of Miami, Florida, who lost his right leg below the knee, became the first amputee to finish this circuit. Bryant has completed a total of 59 marathons on his prosthesis. Twenty-seven people have run a marathon on each of the seven continents, and 31 people have run a marathon in each of the Canadian provinces. In 1980, in what was termed the Marathon of Hope, Terry Fox, who had lost a leg to cancer and so ran with one artificial leg, attained 5,373 kilometres (3,339 mi) of his proposed cross-Canada cancer fundraising run, thus maintaining an average of over 37 kilometres (23 mi), close to the planned marathon distance, for each of 143 consecutive days.

On 25 September 2011, Patrick Finney of Grapevine, Texas became the first person with multiple sclerosis to have finished a marathon in each state of the United States. In 2004, "the disease had left him unable to walk. But unwilling to endure a life of infirmity, Finney managed to regain his ability to balance on two feet, to walk – and eventually to run – through extensive rehabilitation therapy and new medications."

In 2003 British adventurer Sir Ranulph Fiennes completed seven marathons on seven continents in seven days. He completed this feat despite suffering from a heart attack and undergoing a double heart bypass operation just four months before. This feat has since been eclipsed by Irish ultramarathon runner Richard Donovan who in 2009 first completed seven marathons on seven continents in under 132 hours (five and a half days). Starting 1 February 2012 he improved on this by completing the 7 on 7 in under 120 hours or in less than five days.

On 14 December 2008, 64-year old Larry Macon set a record by running 105 marathons in a single calendar year.

Other goals are to attempt to run marathons on a series of consecutive weekends (Richard Worley on 159 weekends), or to run the most marathons during a particular year or the most in a lifetime. A pioneer in running multiple marathons was Sy Mah of Toledo, Ohio, who ran 524 before he died in 1988. As of 30 June 2007, Horst Preisler of Germany had successfully completed 1214 marathons plus 347 ultramarathons, a total of 1561 events at marathon distance or longer. Sigrid Eichner, Christian Hottas and Hans-Joachim Meyer have also all completed over 1000 marathons each. Norm Frank of the United States is credited with 945 marathons.

In 2010, Stefaan Engels, a Belgian, set out to run the marathon distance every day of the year. Because of an injury he had to resort to a handbike near the end of January 2010. However, on 5 February he was fully recovered and decided to reset the counter back to zero. On 30 March he broke the existing record of Akinori Kusuda, from Japan, who completed 52 marathons in a row in 2009. As of 5 February 2011, Engels had run 365 marathon distances in as many days. Ricardo Abad Martínez, from Spain, later ran 150 marathons in 150 consecutive days in 2009, and subsequently 500 marathons in a row, from October 2010 to February 2012.

Some runners compete to run the same marathons for the most consecutive years. For example, Johnny Kelley completed 61 Boston Marathons.

On 31 December 2010, Martin Parnell, 55, a semi-retired mining engineer from Cochrane, Alberta, Canada, ran the marathon distance 250 times over a period of one year, covering about 10,550 km in the process. During his record breaking attempt, he went through 25 pairs of running shoes, and endured temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F).

Running

Start of the 2009 Stockholm Marathon

Most participants do not run a marathon to win. More important for most runners is their personal finish time and their placement within their specific gender and age group, though some runners just want to finish. Strategies for completing a marathon include running the whole distance and a run-walk strategy. In 2005, the average marathon time in the U.S. was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men, 5 hours 6 minutes 8 seconds for women.

A goal many runners aim for is to break certain time barriers. For example, recreational first-timers often try to run the marathon under four hours; more competitive runners may attempt to finish under three hours. Other benchmarks are the qualifying times for major marathons. The Boston Marathon, the oldest marathon in the United States, requires a qualifying time for all non-professional runners. The New York City Marathon also requires a qualifying time for guaranteed entry, at a pace slightly faster than Boston's.

Typically, there is a maximum allowed time of about six hours after which the marathon route is closed, although some larger marathons keep the course open considerably longer (eight hours or more). Many marathons around the world have such time limits by which all runners must have crossed the finish line. Anyone slower than the limit will be picked up by a sweeper bus. In many cases the marathon organizers are required to reopen the roads to the public so that traffic can return to normal.

With the growth in popularity of marathoning, many marathons across the United States and the world have been filling to capacity faster than ever before. When the Boston Marathon opened up registration for its 2011 running, the field capacity was filled within eight hours.

Training

MoonWalk is a nocturnal charity marathon to raise money for breast cancer research.

The long run is an important element in marathon training. Recreational runners commonly try to reach a maximum of about 20 miles (32 km) in their longest weekly run and a total of about 40 miles (64 km) a week when training for the marathon, but wide variability exists in practice and in recommendations. More experienced marathoners may run a longer distance during the week. Greater weekly training mileages can offer greater results in terms of distance and endurance, but also carry a greater risk of training injury. Most male elite marathon runners will have weekly mileages of over 100 miles (160 km).

Many training programs last a minimum of five or six months, with a gradual increase in the distance run and finally, for recovery, a period of tapering in the weeks preceding the race. For beginners wishing to merely finish a marathon, a minimum of four months of running four days a week is recommended. Many trainers recommend a weekly increase in mileage of no more than 10%. It is also often advised to maintain a consistent running program for six weeks or so before beginning a marathon training program, to allow the body to adapt to the new stresses. The marathon training program itself would suppose variation between hard and easy training, with a periodization of the general plan.

Training programs can be found at the websites of Runner's World, Hal Higdon, Jeff Galloway, and the Boston Athletic Association, and in numerous other published sources, including the websites of specific marathons.

The last long training run might be undertaken up to two weeks prior to the event. Many marathon runners also "carbo-load" (increase carbohydrate intake while holding total caloric intake constant) during the week before the marathon to allow their bodies to store more glycogen.

Glycogen and "the wall"

Main article: Hitting the wall

A competitor collapses just prior to the finish line of the 2006 Melbourne Marathon

Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Glycogen burns rapidly to provide quick energy. Runners can store about 8 MJ or 2,000 kcal worth of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km/18–20 miles of running. Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point. When glycogen runs low, the body must then obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn as readily. When this happens, the runner will experience dramatic fatigue and is said to "hit the wall". The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches, is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the "wall" is not as dramatic. This is accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage of energy from burned fat even during the early phase of the race, thus conserving glycogen.^{[citation needed]}

Carbohydrate-based "energy gels" are used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of "hitting the wall", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gels usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely.

A runner getting encouragement at Mile 25 of the Boston Marathon

Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars, and foods high in simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily. Many runners experiment with consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works best for them. Consumption of food while running sometimes makes the runner sick. Runners are advised not to ingest a new food or medicine just prior to or during a race. It is also important to refrain from taking any of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of pain relievers (NSAIDs, e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), as these drugs may change the way the kidneys regulate their blood flow and may lead to serious kidney problems, especially in cases involving moderate to severe dehydration. NSAIDS block the COX-2 enzyme pathway to prevent the production of prostaglandins. These prostaglandins may act as inflammation factors throughout the body, but they also play a crucial role in maintenance of water retention. In less than 5% of the whole population that take NSAIDS, individuals may be more negatively sensitive to renal prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.

After a marathon

Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatological complaints. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon. Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS. Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple", "jogger's toe", and blisters.

The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time. Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.

After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended. In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.

Health risks

Marathon running has various health risks. Training and the races themselves put runners under stress. While rare, even death is a possibility during a race.

Common health risks include injury such as tendonitis, fatigue, knee or ankle sprain, extreme dehydration (electrolyte imbalance), and other conditions. Many are categorised as overuse injuries.

Cardiac health

A study published in 1996 found that the risk of a fatal heart attack during, or up to 24 hours after, a marathon, was approximately 1 in 50,000 over an athlete's racing career—which the authors characterised as an "extremely small" risk. The paper went on to say that since the risk was so small, cardiac screening programs for marathons were not warranted. However, this study was not an attempt to assess the overall benefit or risk to cardiac health of marathon running.

In 2006, a study of 60 non-elite marathon participants tested runners for certain proteins (see Troponin) which indicate heart damage or dysfunction after they had completed the marathon, and gave them ultrasound scans before and after the race. The study revealed that, in that sample of 60 people, runners who had done less than 35 miles (56 km) per week of training before the race were most likely to show some heart damage or dysfunction, while runners who had done more than 45 miles (72 km) per week of training beforehand showed few or no heart problems.

According to a study presented in 2010, running a marathon can result in decreased function of more than half the segments in the heart's main pumping chamber, but other parts of the heart will take over. Full recovery is reached within three months or less. The fitter the runner the less the effect.

Water consumption dangers

A volunteer hands out fluids at a marathon water stop

Overconsumption is the most significant concern associated with water consumption during marathons. Drinking excessive amounts of fluid during a race can lead to dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition called hyponatremia, which may result in vomiting, seizures, coma and even death. Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, medical director for the New York City Marathon, has stated, "There are no reported cases of dehydration causing death in the history of world running, but there are plenty of cases of people dying of hyponatremia." Because hyponatremia is caused by excessive water retention, and not just loss of sodium, consumption of sports drinks or salty foods may not prevent hyponatremia.

Women are more prone to hyponatremia than men. A study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that 13% of runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon had hyponatremia.

Fluid intake should be adjusted individually as factors such as body weight, gender, climate, pace, fitness (VO₂ max), and sweat rate are just a few variables that change fluid requirements between people and races. The International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) advises that runners drink a sports drink that includes carbohydrates and electrolytes instead of plain water and that runners should "drink to thirst" instead of feeling compelled to drink at every fluid station. Heat exposure leads to diminished thirst drive and thirst may not be a sufficient incentive to drink in many situations. The IMMDA and HSL Harpur Hill give recommendations to drink fluid in small volumes frequently at an approximate rate falling between 100–250 ml (3.4–8.5 US fl oz) every 15 minutes. A patient suffering hyponatremia can be given a small volume of a concentrated salt solution intravenously to raise sodium concentrations in the blood. Some runners weigh themselves before running and write the results on their bibs. If anything goes wrong, first aid workers can use the weight information to tell if the patient had consumed too much water.

Charity involvement

Particularly for marathons, it is common to find charities associated with various races. Marathon organizers allotted their limited spacing and entry slots for charity organizations. Runners are given the option to sign up to run particular races, especially when open marathon entries are no longer available.^{[citation needed]}

In some cases, marathons are organized as a fund-raiser for charity organizations (funding raised via entry fees).

See also

Marathon articles

• List of marathons
• List of marathoners
• List of marathoners who are non-running specialists
• National records in the Marathon
• Marathon world record progression
• National champions Marathon (men)
• Marathon at the Paralympics
• Half marathon
• Ironman Triathlon
• Man versus Horse Marathon
• Mountain marathon
• Multiday race
• Ski marathon
• Ultramarathon
• 100 Marathon Club

References

Bibliography

• Hans-Joachim Gehrke, "From Athenian identity to European ethnicity: The cultural biography of the myth of Marathon," in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 85-100.
• Tom Derderian, Boston Marathon: History of the World's Premier Running Event, Human Kinetics, 1994, 1996

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 運動関連低ナトリウム血症 exercise associated hyponatremia
• 2. 下肢ランニング障害の概要 overview of running injuries of the lower extremity
• 3. 運動生理学 exercise physiology
• 4. 運動選手における消化器疾患 gastrointestinal disorders in athletes
• 5. アスリートにおける心突然死のリスク risk of sudden cardiac death in athletes

English Journal

• The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial.

• Ryan MB, Valiant GA, McDonald K, Taunton JE.SourceAllan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre, 3055 Wesbrook Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada. mryan76@gmail.com.
• British journal of sports medicine.Br J Sports Med.2011 Jul;45(9):715-21. Epub 2010 Jun 27.
• Background The present study examines the injury status in women runners who are randomised to receive a neutral, stability or motion control running shoe. Methods 81 female runners were categorised into three different foot posture types (39 neutral, 30 pronated, 12 highly pronated) and randomly as
• PMID 20584759

• Carotid and peripheral atherosclerosis in male marathon runners.

• Kroger K, Lehmann N, Rappaport L, Perrey M, Sorokin A, Budde T, Heusch G, Jockel KH, Thompson PD, Erbel R, Mohlenkamp S.Source1Clinic of Angiology, HELIOS Clinic Krefeld, Krefeld, GERMANY; 2Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Clinic Essen, Essen, GERMANY; 3Clinic of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Clinic Essen, Essen, GERMANY; 4Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, GERMANY; 5Institute for Pathophysiology, University Clinic Essen, Essen, GERMANY; and 6Clinic of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT.
• Medicine and science in sports and exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2011 Jul;43(7):1142-7.
• PURPOSE: : We measured extracoronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and its association with cardiovascular risk factors and with coronary atherosclerosis in male marathon runners.METHODS: : We studied 100 male presumably healthy runners, aged 50-75 yr, who completed at least five marathons during th
• PMID 21200345

Japanese Journal

• マラソンランナーの参加動機とPush-Pull要因に関する研究 -NAHAマラソンにおける県内・県外参加者に着目して-

• 山口 志郎,佐々木 朋子,山口 泰雄,野川 春夫
• 神戸大学大学院人間発達環境学研究科研究紀要 4(2), 57-67, 2011-03-30
• NAID 110008436619

• 幼児期のトレーニングを考える : 2歳児のマラソン活動の検討

• 小田 進一,平岡 英樹,井坂 直人,窪田 馨子
• 北海道文教大学研究紀要 (35), 151-157, 2011-03-25
• NAID 110008427756

Related Links

• Marathon - Wikipedia

Marathon(マラソン)とは、Bungie社(2000年にマイクロソフトに買収された後、2008年に スピンアウト)が開発した一人称視点シューティングゲームソフトである。1994年に Marathon(初回作)、1995年にMarathon 2: Durandal、1996年にMarathon Infinity(最終作 ) ...

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