WordNet

a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision (同)macula_lutea, macular_area, yellow_spot

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/14 00:20:08」(JST)

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The saccule is the smaller sized vestibular sac (the utricle being the other larger size vestibular sac); it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve.

The vestibule is a region of the inner ear which contains the saccule and the utricle, each of which contain a macula to detect linear acceleration. The macula of saccule lies in a nearly vertical position. Its function is to detect vertical linear acceleration. It is a 2 mm by 3mm patch of hair cells. Each hair cell of the macula contains 40 to 70 stereocilia and one true cilia, called a kinocilium. A gelatinous cover called the otolithic membrane envelops the tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium. The otolithic membrane is weighted with small densely packed protein-calcium carbonate granules called statoconica. The macula of the utricle is in a horizontal position and detects horizontal acceleration. The coordinated sensory perception of acceleration both vertically and horizontally along the vestibular nerve, allow for the perception of linear acceleration in any direction.

In vertical linear acceleration, the weighted otolithic membrane lags behind the stereocilia and kinocilium. This bends the stereocilia, which is interpreted by the brain as vertical linear acceleration.

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References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Saladin’s 6th edition Anatomy and Physiology textbook
^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/175622/human-ear/65064/Detection-of-linear-acceleration-static-equilibrium?anchor=ref532026
^ http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/h%26b/textbook/chap-7.html
^ http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter10.html

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English Journal

Diversity of Inner Ears in Fishes: Possible Contribution Towards Hearing Improvements and Evolutionary Considerations.

Schulz-Mirbach T1, Ladich F2.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;877:341-91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_16.
Fishes have evolved the largest diversity of inner ears among vertebrates. While G. Retzius introduced us to the diversity of the gross morphology of fish ears in the late nineteenth century, it was A. N. Popper who unraveled the large variety of the fine structure during the last four decades. Modi
PMID 26515322

Efficient siRNA transfection to the inner ear through the intact round window by a novel proteidic delivery technology in the chinchilla.

Qi W1, Ding D2, Zhu H3, Lu D4, Wang Y3, Ding J3, Yan W1, Jia M1, Guo Y1.
Gene therapy.Gene Ther.2014 Jan;21(1):10-8. doi: 10.1038/gt.2013.49. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
The use of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has great potential for the development of drugs designed to knock down the expression of damage- or disease-causing genes. However, because of the high molecular weight and negative charge of siRNA, it is restricted from crossing the blood-cochlear barrier,
PMID 24108151

[Inner ear morphological study of guinea pigs with acoustically evoked short latency negative response].

Huang WQ1, Li ZM, Xu L, Nong DX, Tang AZ, Qin HH, Yang T.
Zhonghua er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery.Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi.2012 May;47(5):394-9.
OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of ototoxicity in guinea pigs with acoustically evoked short latency negative response (ASNR) and verify the responsible organ of ASNR based on microscopic characteristics of basal membranes, saccules, utricles and ampulla canalis semicircularis of the inner ear.METHO
PMID 22883582