関: Arvicolinae、Microtus、muskrat、Ondatra、vole

WordNet

any of various short-tailed furry-footed rodents of circumpolar distribution
the brown fur of a muskrat (同)muskrat fur
beaver-like aquatic rodent of North America with dark glossy brown fur (同)musquash, Ondatra zibethica
any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a stout short-tailed body and inconspicuous ears and inhabiting fields or meadows (同)field_mouse
voles of the northern hemisphere (同)genus Microtus
muskrats (同)genus Ondatra
of low bogs and meadows of northeastern and central United States and southern Canada (同)Synaptomys cooperi
notable for mass migrations even into the sea where many drown (同)Lemmus lemmus
of wet alpine and subalpine meadows of Canada and Alaska (同)Synaptomys borealis
North American lemming having a white winter coat and some claws much enlarged

PrepTutorEJDIC

レミング(ネズミに似た尾の短い動物)
〈C〉ジャコウネズミ(北米産でじゃ香性のにおいを持つネズミ) / 〈U〉その毛皮
ハタネズミ(mouseやratの類だが尾の短いのが特色)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/17 11:03:31」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the rodent. For other uses, see Lemming (disambiguation).

Lemmings are small rodents, usually found in or near the Arctic, in tundra biomes. They are subniveal animals, and together with voles and muskrats, they make up the subfamily Arvicolinae (also known as Microtinae), which forms part of the largest mammal radiation by far, the superfamily Muroidea, which also includes rats, mice, hamsters, and gerbils.

Description and habitat

Lemmings weigh from 30 to 110 g (1 to 4 oz) and are about 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long. They generally have long, soft fur, and very short tails. They are herbivorous, feeding mostly on leaves and shoots, grasses, and sedges in particular, but also on roots and bulbs. At times, they will eat grubs and larvae. Like other rodents, their incisors grow continuously, allowing them to exist on much tougher forage than would normally be possible.

Lemmings do not hibernate through the harsh northern winter. They remain active, finding food by burrowing through the snow and using grasses clipped and stored in advance. They are solitary animals by nature, meeting only to mate and then going their separate ways, but like all rodents, they have a high reproductive rate and can breed rapidly when food is plentiful.

Behavior

The behavior of lemmings is much the same as that of many other rodents which have periodic population booms and then disperse in all directions, seeking the food and shelter their natural habitats cannot provide. The Norway lemming and brown lemming are two of the few vertebrates which reproduce so quickly that their population fluctuations are chaotic,^[1]^[2] rather than following linear growth to a carrying capacity or regular oscillations. It is unknown why lemming populations fluctuate with such great variance roughly every four years, before numbers drop to near extinction.^[3] Lemming behavior and appearance are markedly different from many other rodents, which are inconspicuously colored and try to conceal themselves from their predators. Lemmings, on the contrary, are conspicuously colored, and behave aggressively towards predators and even human observers. The lemming defense system is thought to be based on aposematism (warning display).^[4]

For many years, the population of lemmings was believed to change with the population cycle, but now some evidence suggests their predators' populations, particularly the stoat, may be more closely involved in changing the lemming population.^[5]

Misconceptions

Misconceptions about lemmings go back many centuries. In the 1530s, the geographer Zeigler of Strasbourg proposed the theory that the creatures fell out of the sky during stormy weather (also featured in the folklore of the Inupiat/Yupik at Norton Sound), and then died suddenly when the grass grew in spring.^[6] This description was contradicted by the natural historian Ole Worm, who accepted that lemmings could fall out of the sky, but claimed they had been brought over by the wind rather than created by spontaneous generation. Worm first published dissections of a lemming, which showed they are anatomically similar to most other rodents, and the work of Carl Linnaeus proved they had a natural origin.^[7]^[8]

When large numbers of lemmings migrate, some of them will inevitably drown while crossing rivers and lakes, like this one in Norway.

Lemmings have become the subject of a widely popular misconception that they commit mass suicide when they migrate. It is not a mass suicide, but the result of their migratory behavior. Driven by strong biological urges, some species of lemmings may migrate in large groups when population density becomes too great. Lemmings can swim and may choose to cross a body of water in search of a new habitat. In such cases, many may drown if the body of water is so wide as to stretch their physical capability to the limit. This fact, combined with the unexplained fluctuations in the population of Norwegian lemmings, gave rise to the misconception.^[9]

The misconception of lemming "mass suicide" is long-standing and has been popularized by a number of factors. It was well enough known to be mentioned in "The Marching Morons", a 1951 short story by Cyril M. Kornbluth. In 1955, Disney Studio illustrator Carl Barks drew an Uncle Scrooge adventure comic with the title "The Lemming with the Locket". This comic, which was inspired by a 1953 American Mercury article, showed massive numbers of lemmings jumping over Norwegian cliffs.^[10]^[11] Even more influential was the 1958 Disney film White Wilderness, which won an Academy Award for Documentary Feature, in which staged footage was shown with lemmings jumping into certain death after faked scenes of mass migration.^[12] A Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary, Cruel Camera, found the lemmings used for White Wilderness were flown from Hudson Bay to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where they did not jump off the cliff, but were in fact launched off the cliff using a turntable.^[13] ^[14]

This same myth was also used in the Apple Computer 1985 Super Bowl commercial "Lemmings" and the popular 1991 video game Lemmings, in which the player must stop the lemmings from mindlessly marching over cliffs or into traps. In a 2010 board game by GMT games, Leaping Lemmings, players must maneuver lemmings across a board while avoiding hazards, and successfully launch them off a cliff. The 1994 short film "Lemming Aid" portrayed a group of misfits attempting to save lemmings from mass suicide, (a guinea pig was used as a substitute for a lemming). American cartoonist Stephan Pastis's popular comic strip Pearls Before Swine had a few strips starring four lemmings in a humorous gossip and confessions just before they are about to jump over a cliff.

Because of their association with this odd behavior, lemming "suicide" is a frequently used metaphor in reference to people who go along unquestioningly with popular opinion, with potentially dangerous or fatal consequences. This metaphor is seen many times in popular culture, such as in the video game Lemmings, and in episodes of Red Dwarf and Adult Swim's show Robot Chicken. In the eighth episode of season 1 of Showtime's The Borgias, the Pope's second son Juan refers to the college of cardinals as lemmings when they flee the Vatican in anticipation of an impending French invasion. The Blink 182 song Lemmings also uses this metaphor, as does the unrelated song of the same name by English progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator (from their 1971 album Pawn Hearts), and the 1973 stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings starring John Belushi and mocking post-Woodstock groupthink.^[15]

Classification

Order Rodentia
- Superfamily Muroidea
  - Family Cricetidae
    - Subfamily Arvicolinae: voles, lemmings, and related species
      - Tribe Lemmini
        
        Dicrostonyx
        
        Northern collared lemming (D. groenlandicus)
        
        Ungava collared lemming (D. hudsonius)
        
        Victoria collared lemming (D. kilangmiutak)
        
        Nelson's collared lemming (D. nelsoni) or St. Lawrence Island collared lemming (D. exsul)
        
        Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (D. nunatakensis)
        
        Richardson's collared lemming (D. richardsoni)
        
        Bering collared lemming (D. rubricatus)
        
        Arctic lemming (D. torquatus)
        
        Unalaska collared lemming (D. unalascensis)
        
        Wrangel lemming (D. vinogradovi)
        
        Lemmus
        
        Amur lemming (L. amurensis)
        
        Norway lemming (L. lemmus)
        
        Siberian brown lemming (L. sibiricus)
        
        North American brown lemming (L. trimucronatus)
        
        Wrangel Island lemming (L. portenkoi)
        
        Myopus
        
        Wood lemming (M. schisticolor)
        
        Synaptomys
        
        Northern bog lemming (S. borealis)
        
        Southern bog lemming (S. cooperi)
      - Tribe Arvicolini: over 120 species
        
        Eolagurus
        
        Yellow steppe lemming (E. luteus)
        
        Przewalski's steppe lemming (E. przewalskii)
        
        Lagurus
        
        Steppe lemming (L. lagurus)
        
        Over 100 other species not known as lemmings

References

^ Peter Turchin (2003). Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-691-09021-4.
^ (Turchin & Ellner, 1997)
^ Hinterland Who's Who - Lemmings
^ Malte Anderson, “Lemmus lemmus: A possible case of aposematic coloration and behavior” Journal of Mammalogy, 57, no 3, Aug, 1976:461 - 469
^ Predators drive the lemming cycle in Greenland
^ ABC.net.au - Lemmings Suicide Myth
^ Bondeson, Jan (1999). The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History. Cornell University Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-0-8014-3609-3. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
^ Museum Wormianum seu historia rerum rariorum Ole Worm (1655)
^ Lemming Suicide Myth Disney Film Faked Bogus Behavior
^ Lederer, Muriel. "Return of the Pied Piper". The American Mercury, Dec. 1953, pp. 33–4.
^ Blum, Geoffrey. 1996. "One Billion of Something", in: Uncle Scrooge Adventures by Carl Barks, #9.
^ snopes.com: White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide
^ Cruel Camera Time slice: 14:01–15:27
^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/50957/do-lemmings-really-run-cliffs-their-death
^ Covach, John (2002). "Stylistic Competencies, Musical Satire, and 'This is Spinal Tap'". In Marvin, Elizabeth West; Hermann, Richardbecame. Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytic Studies. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 403, note 16. ISBN 1-58046-096-8. OCLC 488555439. Retrieved June 17, 2013.

External links

Look up lemming in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Lemming Cycle PDF (92.6 KiB) article by Nils Christian Stenseth on the population cycles of lemmings and other northern rodents.
- See also The Lemming Cycle, in HTML format.
Collared Lemming PDF (177 KiB) Article about Collared Lemming, see also the main page on Alaskan mammals
Rebuttal of lemming suicide:
- Alaska Wildlife News.
- Lemmings, dying on camera.

English Journal

High infection rate of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) with Puumala virus is associated with a winter outbreak of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Croatia.

Tadin A1, Bjedov L2, Margaletic J2, Zibrat B1, Krajinovic LC1, Svoboda P1, Kurolt IC1, Majetic ZS3, Turk N3, Rode OD1, Civljak R1, Kuzman I1, Markotic A1.
Epidemiology and infection.Epidemiol Infect.2014 Sep;142(9):1945-51. doi: 10.1017/S095026881300321X. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
An outbreak of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) started on Medvednica mountain near Zagreb in January 2012. In order to detect the aetiological agent of the disease in small rodents and to make the link with the human outbreak, rodents were trapped at four different altitudes. Using nes
PMID 24800636

Effects of chemical and thermal stress on acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of the bank vole, Myodes glareolus.

Świergosz-Kowalewska R1, Molenda P2, Halota A2.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Aug;106:204-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.021. Epub 2014 May 20.
One of the most important issues in ecotoxicology is better understanding the effects of interactions between chemical pollutants and physical environmental factors on animals. To fill this knowledge gap, changes in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain samples of bank voles Myode
PMID 24853134

Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients.

HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group, Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, Parish S, Aung T, Tomson J, Wallendszus K, Craig M, Jiang L, Collins R, Armitage J.
The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2014 Jul 17;371(3):203-12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1300955.
BACKGROUND: Patients with evidence of vascular disease are at increased risk for subsequent vascular events despite effective use of statins to lower the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. Niacin lowers the LDL cholesterol level and raises the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
PMID 25014686

Hantaviruses: rediscovery and new beginnings.

Yanagihara R1, Gu SH2, Arai S3, Kang HJ4, Song JW5.
Virus research.Virus Res.2014 Jul 17;187:6-14. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.038. Epub 2014 Jan 8.
Virus and host gene phylogenies, indicating that antigenically distinct hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) segregate into clades, which parallel the molecular evolution of rodents belonging to the Murinae, Arvicolinae, Neotominae and Sigmodontinae subfamilies, suggested co-divergen
PMID 24412714

Japanese Journal

デービッド・ハチェンス著, 「エミーとレニー 2匹のねずみのお話」, 訳者 : 伊藤武志, 発行所 : 日本能率協会マネジメントセンター, 発行日 : 2001年6月29日, 体裁 : A5判変型128ページ, 価格 : 1050円(税込), ISBN : 978-4-8207-4005-6

平田貞代
プロジェクトマネジメント学会誌 9(4), 59, 2007-08-15
NAID 110006418644

愛玩用輸入齧歯類の病原体保有調査(I.大学院重点特別・研究科特別経費,平成18年度麻布大学公的研究助成金事業研究成果報告)

宇根有美,ウネユミ,Yumi Une
麻布大学雑誌 = Journal of Azabu University 15/16, 124-129, 2007
… Consequently, Leptspira was detected one Step- Lemming (1 of 10, 10 %) by PCR method.A positive rate is as follows. …
NAID 120005345230

愛玩用輸入齧歯類の病原体保有調査(I.大学院重点特別・研究科特別経費,平成18年度麻布大学公的研究助成金事業研究成果報告)

宇根有美
麻布大学雑誌 15/16, 124-129, 2007
愛玩用に輸入される齧歯類の公衆衛生上のリスクを評価するために,2006年に輸入動物届け出制度に基づき衛生証明書が添付され輸入された8種の齧歯類,計140匹を対象として病原体保有状況調査を行なった。その結果,レプトスピラ(Leptospira alexanderi)がステップレミング1匹(1/10,10%)で検出された(全頭の0.7%)。Borrelia属細菌は,シマリス5匹(5/30,16.7%) …
NAID 110006977927

7453 1960年代のミニ開発住宅地に関する研究 : その3「飲み屋」におけるコミュニケーションの実態(住宅地, 都市計画)

武田有紀,曽根陽子
学術講演梗概集. F-1, 都市計画, 建築経済・住宅問題 2006, 929-930, 2006-07-31
NAID 110006328973

Related Pictures

Lemming Facts, Pictures, Information & Video. B u B b L e L i B R A R Y: What is unusual about lemmings? Hinterland Who's Who - Lemmings Lemming HD Wallpapers | 7wallpapers.net Lemming - Wikipedia Southern bog lemming - Wikipedia Northern Lights Photography: Norwegian Lemmings - Lemenår The Jungle Store: Little Lemmings

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「muskrat」「レミング」「Ondatra」「Microtus」「vole」

「muskrat」

Lemmings
	Lemmus lemmus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Subfamily:	Arvicolinae
Tribe:	Lemmini*
Genera
	Dicrostonyx; Eolagurus; Lagurus; Lemmus; Myopus; Synaptomys; * Incomplete listing: see vole

　　[★]

ジャコウネズミ

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、Microtus、musk rat、musquash、Ondatra、Suncus murinus、vole

「レミング」

　　[★]

英: lemming
関: ジャコウネズミ、ハタネズミ、ハタネズミ属、マスクラット属、ハタネズミ亜科

「Ondatra」

　　[★]

マスクラット属、オンダトラ属、Ondatra属

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、Microtus、muskrat、vole

「Microtus」

　　[★]

ハタネズミ属、ミクロツス属、Microtus属

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、muskrat、Ondatra、vole

「vole」

　　[★]

ハタネズミ

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、meadow vole、Microtus、muskrat、Ondatra

[1] Peter Turchin (2003). Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-691-09021-4.

[2] (Turchin & Ellner, 1997)

[3] Hinterland Who's Who - Lemmings

[4] Malte Anderson, “Lemmus lemmus: A possible case of aposematic coloration and behavior” Journal of Mammalogy, 57, no 3, Aug, 1976:461 - 469

[5] Predators drive the lemming cycle in Greenland

[6] ABC.net.au - Lemmings Suicide Myth

[7] Bondeson, Jan (1999). The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History. Cornell University Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-0-8014-3609-3. Retrieved 2009-01-11.

[8] Museum Wormianum seu historia rerum rariorum Ole Worm (1655)

[9] Lemming Suicide Myth Disney Film Faked Bogus Behavior

[10] Lederer, Muriel. "Return of the Pied Piper". The American Mercury, Dec. 1953, pp. 33–4.

[11] Blum, Geoffrey. 1996. "One Billion of Something", in: Uncle Scrooge Adventures by Carl Barks, #9.

[12] snopes.com: White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide

[13] Cruel Camera Time slice: 14:01–15:27

[14] ttp://mentalfloss.com/article/50957/do-lemmings-really-run-cliffs-their-death

[15] Covach, John (2002). "Stylistic Competencies, Musical Satire, and 'This is Spinal Tap'". In Marvin, Elizabeth West; Hermann, Richardbecame. Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytic Studies. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 403, note 16. ISBN 1-58046-096-8. OCLC 488555439. Retrieved June 17, 2013.

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