関: Arvicolinae、lemming、meadow vole、Microtus、muskrat、Ondatra

WordNet

any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a stout short-tailed body and inconspicuous ears and inhabiting fields or meadows (同)field_mouse
the brown fur of a muskrat (同)muskrat fur
beaver-like aquatic rodent of North America with dark glossy brown fur (同)musquash, Ondatra zibethica
any of various short-tailed furry-footed rodents of circumpolar distribution
voles of the northern hemisphere (同)genus Microtus
muskrats (同)genus Ondatra
the quality of threatening evil (同)malevolency, malice
wishing evil to others (同)malignity
short-tailed glossy-furred burrowing vole of the eastern United States (同)pine mouse, Pitymys pinetorum
of western North America (同)Richardson vole, Microtus richardsoni
a computer program designed to have undesirable or harmful effects
in a malevolent manner; "she gossips malevolently"

PrepTutorEJDIC

ハタネズミ(mouseやratの類だが尾の短いのが特色)
〈C〉ジャコウネズミ(北米産でじゃ香性のにおいを持つネズミ) / 〈U〉その毛皮
レミング(ネズミに似た尾の短い動物)
悪意,敵意

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/03 09:02:18」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Vole (disambiguation).

A vole is a small rodent resembling a mouse but with a stouter body, a shorter, hairy tail, a slightly rounder head, smaller ears and eyes, and differently formed molars (high-crowned and with angular cusps instead of low-crowned and with rounded cusps). There are approximately 155 species of voles. They are sometimes known as meadow mice or field mice in North America. Vole species form the subfamily Arvicolinae with the lemmings and the muskrats.

Description

Voles are small rodents that grow to 3–9 in (7.6–23 cm), depending on the species. They can have five to 10 litters per year. Gestation lasts for three weeks and the young voles reach sexual maturity in a month. As a result of this exponential growth, vole populations can grow very large within a very short period of time. Since litters average five to 10 young, a single pregnant vole can result in a hundred or more active voles in less than a year.

Voles are commonly mistaken for other small animals. Moles, gophers, mice, rats and even shrews have similar characteristics and behavioral tendencies. Since voles will commonly use burrows with many exit holes, they can be mistaken for gophers or some kind of ground squirrel.

They will readily thrive on small plants. Like shrews, they will eat dead animals and like mice or rats, they can live on almost any nut or fruit. Additionally, voles will target plants more than most other small animals, making their presence evident. Voles will readily girdle small trees and ground cover much like a porcupine. This girdling can easily kill young plants and is not healthy for trees or other shrubs.

Voles will often eat succulent root systems and will burrow under plants or ground cover and eat away until the plant is dead. Bulbs in the ground are another favorite target for voles; their excellent burrowing and tunnelling give them access to sensitive areas without clear or early warning. The presence of large numbers of voles is often only identifiable after they have destroyed a number of plants.^[1] However, like other burrowing rodents, they also play beneficial roles, including dispersing nutrients throughout the upper soil layers.^[2]

Predators

Many predators, such as martens, raccoons, owls, hawks, falcons, coyotes, foxes, snakes, the red-tailed hawk, weasels, cats and dogs, eat voles. Vole bones are often found in the pellets of the short-eared owl, the northern spotted owl, the saw-whet owl, the barn owl, the great gray owl and the northern pygmy owl.^{[citation needed]}

Lifespan

The average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months. These voles rarely live longer than 12 months. Larger species, such as the European water vole, live longer and usually die during their second, or rarely their third, winter. As many as 88% of voles are estimated to die within the first month of life.^[3]

Genetics and sexual behavior

The prairie vole is a notable animal model for its monogamous sexual fidelity, since the male is usually faithful to the female, and shares in the raising of pups. (The woodland vole is also usually monogamous.) Another species from the same genus, the meadow vole, has promiscuously mating males, and scientists have changed adult male meadow voles' behavior to resemble that of prairie voles in experiments in which a single gene was introduced into the brain via a virus.^[4]

The behavior is influenced by the number of repetitions of a particular string of microsatellite DNA, and the same DNA sequence is found in humans. Male prairie voles with the longest DNA strings spend more time with their mates and pups than male prairie voles with shorter strings.^[5] However, other scientists have disputed the gene's relationship to monogamy, and cast doubt on whether the human version plays an analogous role.^[6] Physiologically, pair-bonding behavior has been shown to be connected to vasopressin, dopamine, and oxytocin levels, with the genetic influence apparently arising via the number of receptors for these substances in the brain; the pair-bonding behavior has also been shown in experiments to be strongly modifiable by administering some of these substances directly.

Voles have a number of unusual chromosomal traits. Species have been found with 17 to 64 chromosomes, and in some species, males and females have different chromosome numbers. Female voles have been found with chromosomes from both sexes, and in one species, the sex chromosomes contain 20% of the genome. All of these variations result in very little physical aberration; most vole species are virtually indistinguishable.^[7]

Classification

Order Rodentia
- Superfamily Muroidea
  - Family Cricetidae
    - Subfamily Arvicolinae (in part)
      - Tribe Arvicolini
        
        Genus Arvicola – water voles
        
        Genus Blanfordimys – Afghan vole and Bucharian vole
        
        Genus Chionomys – snow voles
        
        Genus Lasiopodomys
        
        Genus Lemmiscus – sagebrush vole
        
        Genus Microtus – voles
        
        Genus Neodon – mountain voles
        
        Genus Phaiomys
        
        Genus Proedromys – Duke of Bedford's vole
        
        Genus Volemys
      - Tribe Ellobiusini – mole voles
        
        Genus Ellobius – mole voles
      - Tribe Lagurini
        
        Genus Lagurus – steppe vole (also called steppe lemming)
      - Tribe Myodini
        
        Genus Alticola – voles from Central Asia
        
        Genus Caryomys
        
        Genus Eothenomys – voles from East Asia
        
        Genus Hyperacrius – voles from India (True's vole), Afghanistan and Pakistan (Murree's vole)
        
        Genus Myodes – red-backed voles
      - Tribe Pliomyini
        
        Genus Dinaromys – voles from the Dinaric Alps
      - incertae sedis
        
        Genus Arborimus – tree voles
        
        Genus Phenacomys – heather voles

References

^ "Rodent and Pest Control Products and Solutions". RodentControl.com. http://www.rodentcontrol.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Daar, Sheila (December 1997). "How to Control Voles in Your Garden". VegetableGardener.com. Taunton Press. http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/2430/how-to-control-voles-in-your-garden/. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^ Lim, Miranda M.; Wang, Zuoxin; Olazábal, Daniel E.; Ren, Xianghui; Terwilliger, Ernest F.; Young, Larry J. (2004). "Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene". Nature 429 (6993): 754–7. doi:10.1038/nature02539. PMID 15201909. Referenced in Sarah Graham (2004-06-17) Gene Linked to Lasting Love in Voles. Scientific American.
^ Hammock, E. A. D.; Young, LJ (2005). "Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits". Science 308 (5728): 1630–4. doi:10.1126/science.1111427. PMID 15947188. Summarized in Nicholas Wade (2005-06-10) "DNA of Voles May Hint at Why Some Fathers Shirk Duties". New York Times.
^ Fink, S. (2006). "Mammalian monogamy is not controlled by a single gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (29): 10956. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602380103.
^ DeWoody, J. Andrew; Triant, Deb; Main, Douglas M. (2006-09-14) Rodent's bizarre traits deepen mystery of genetics, evolution. Purdue University. Retrieved February 25, 2007.

External links

Voles.com, pictures and information about voles and vole related topics
Pest control article
National Geographic video.

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Neonatal paternal deprivation or early deprivation reduces adult parental behavior and central estrogen receptor α expression in mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus).

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For many years anticoagulant rodenticides have been used in vole control campaigns, in spite of the proven risk of secondary poisoning of non-target predators and scavengers. In this paper we analyse for the first time great bustard exposure and intoxication by anticoagulant rodenticides in Spain, b
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ハタネズミ」「muskrat」「Ondatra」「Microtus」「Arvicolinae」
拡張検索	「hypovolemic shock」「meadow vole」「hypervolemia」

「ハタネズミ」

Vole
	The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) lives in woodland areas in Europe and Asia.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Subfamily:	Arvicolinae; in part
Genera
	See text.

　　[★]

英: vole、meadow vole
関: ジャコウネズミ、アメリカハタネズミ、ハタネズミ属、マスクラット属、レミング、ハタネズミ亜科

「muskrat」

　　[★]

ジャコウネズミ

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、Microtus、musk rat、musquash、Ondatra、Suncus murinus、vole

「Ondatra」

　　[★]

マスクラット属、オンダトラ属、Ondatra属

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、Microtus、muskrat、vole

「Microtus」

　　[★]

ハタネズミ属、ミクロツス属、Microtus属

関: Arvicolinae、lemming、muskrat、Ondatra、vole

「Arvicolinae」

　　[★]

ハタネズミ亜科

タネズミ亜科

関: lemming、Microtus、muskrat、Ondatra、vole

「hypovolemic shock」

　　[★] 血液量減少性ショック、循環血液量減少性ショック、乏血性ショック

「meadow vole」

　　[★]

ハタネズミ、アメリカハタネズミ

関: vole

「hypervolemia」

　　[★]

多血、血液量増加症

関: polyemia

[0] "Rodent and Pest Control Products and Solutions". RodentControl.com. http://www.rodentcontrol.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.

[1] [1]^{[dead link]}

[2] Daar, Sheila (December 1997). "How to Control Voles in Your Garden". VegetableGardener.com. Taunton Press. http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/2430/how-to-control-voles-in-your-garden/. Retrieved 14 October 2011.

[3] Lim, Miranda M.; Wang, Zuoxin; Olazábal, Daniel E.; Ren, Xianghui; Terwilliger, Ernest F.; Young, Larry J. (2004). "Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene". Nature 429 (6993): 754–7. doi:10.1038/nature02539. PMID 15201909. Referenced in Sarah Graham (2004-06-17) Gene Linked to Lasting Love in Voles. Scientific American.

[4] Hammock, E. A. D.; Young, LJ (2005). "Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits". Science 308 (5728): 1630–4. doi:10.1126/science.1111427. PMID 15947188. Summarized in Nicholas Wade (2005-06-10) "DNA of Voles May Hint at Why Some Fathers Shirk Duties". New York Times.

[5] Fink, S. (2006). "Mammalian monogamy is not controlled by a single gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (29): 10956. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602380103.

[6] DeWoody, J. Andrew; Triant, Deb; Main, Douglas M. (2006-09-14) Rodent's bizarre traits deepen mystery of genetics, evolution. Purdue University. Retrieved February 25, 2007.

匿名

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案内

案内

vole