| Lacunar stroke |
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Arteries beneath brain
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
G46.5-G46.7 |
| ICD-9 |
434.91 |
| DiseasesDB |
31186 |
| eMedicine |
pmr/63 |
| MeSH |
D020520 |
Lacunar stroke or lacunar infarct (LACI) is a type of stroke that results from occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries that provides blood to the brain's deep structures. Patients who present with symptoms of a lacunar stroke, but who have not yet had diagnostic imaging performed, may be described as suffering from Lacunar Stroke Syndrome (LACS).
Much of the current knowledge of lacunar strokes comes from C. Miller Fisher's cadaver dissections of post-mortem stroke patients. He observed "lacunae" (Latin for "empty space") in the deep brain structures after occlusion of 200-800 μm penetrating arteries and connected them with 5 classic syndromes. These syndromes are still noted today, though lacunar infarcts are diagnosed based on clinical judgment and radiologic imaging.
Contents
- 1 Epidemiology
- 2 Pathophysiology
- 3 Signs & Symptoms
- 4 Silent lacunar infarction
- 5 Treatment & Prognosis
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Epidemiology
It is estimated that lacunar infarcts account for 25% of all ischemic strokes, with an annual incidence of approximately 15 per 100,000 people.[1] They may be more frequent in men and in people of African, Mexican, and Hong Kong Chinese descent.[2]
Pathophysiology
Lacunes are caused by occlusion of a single deep penetrating artery that arises directly from the constituents of the Circle of Willis, cerebellar arteries, and basilar artery. The corresponding lesions occur in the deep nuclei of the brain (37% putamen, 14% thalamus, and 10% caudate) as well as the pons (16%) or the posterior limb of the internal capsule (10%). They occur less commonly in the deep cerebral white matter, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the cerebellum.
The two proposed mechanisms are microatheroma and lipohyalinosis. At the beginning, lipohyalinosis was thought to be the main small vessel pathology, but microatheroma now is thought to be the most common mechanism of arterial occlusion (or stenosis). Occasionally, atheroma in the parent artery blocks the orifice of the penetrating artery (luminal atheroma), or atheroma involves the origin of the penetrating artery (junctional atheroma). Alternatively, hypoperfusion is believed to be the mechanism when there is stenosis of the penetrating artery. When no evidence of small vessel disease is found on histologic examination, an embolic cause is assumed, either artery-to-artery embolism or cardioembolism. In one recent series, 25% of patients with clinical radiologically defined lacunes had a potential cardiac cause for their strokes.
Advanced age, chronic hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus are risk factors. It is unclear whether there is an association with alcohol consumption, elevated cholesterol, or history of prior stroke. Lacunar strokes may result from carotid artery pathology or microemboli from the heart as in atrial fibrillation. Patients often recover well, but if there is enough white matter disease from lacunar pathology, one can see a subcortical dementia such as Binswanger disease.
Signs & Symptoms
Each of the 5 classical lacunar syndromes has a relatively distinct symptom complex. Symptoms may occur suddenly, progressively, or in a fluctuating (e.g., the capsular warning syndrome) manner. Occasionally, cortical infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages can mimic lacunar infarcts, but true cortical infarct signs (such as aphasia, neglect, and visual field defects) are always absent. The 5 classic syndromes are as follows:
| Name |
Location of infarct |
Presentation |
| Pure motor stroke/hemiparesis (most common lacunar syndrome: 33-50%) |
posterior limb of the internal capsule, basis pontis, corona radiata |
It is marked by hemiparesis or hemiplegia that typically affects the face, arm, or leg of one side. Dysarthria, dysphagia, and transient sensory symptoms may also be present. |
| Ataxic hemiparesis (second most frequent lacunar syndrome) |
posterior limb of the internal capsule, basis pontis, and corona radiata, red nucleus, lentiform nucleus, SCA infarcts, ACA infarcts |
It displays a combination of cerebellar and motor symptoms, including weakness and clumsiness, on the ipsilateral[3] side of the body. It usually affects the leg more than it does the arm; hence, it is known also as homolateral ataxia and crural paresis. The onset of symptoms is often over hours or days. |
| Dysarthria/clumsy hand (sometimes considered a variant of ataxic hemiparesis, but usually still is classified as a separate lacunar syndrome) |
basis pontis, anterior limb or genu of internal capsule, corona radiata, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral peduncle |
The main symptoms are dysarthria and clumsiness (i.e., weakness) of the hand, which often are most prominent when the patient is writing. |
| Pure sensory stroke |
contralateral thalamus (VPL), internal capsule, corona radiata, midbrain |
Marked by persistent or transient numbness, tingling, pain, burning, or another unpleasant sensation on one side of the body. |
| Mixed sensorimotor stroke |
thalamus and adjacent posterior internal capsule, lateral pons |
This lacunar syndrome involves hemiparesis or hemiplegia with ipsilateral sensory impairment |
Silent lacunar infarction
A Silent lacunar infarction (SLI) is one type of silent stroke which usually shows no identifiable outward symptoms thus the term "silent". Individuals who suffer a SLI are often completely unaware they have suffered a stroke. This type of stroke often causes lesions in the surrounding brain tissue that are visibly detected via neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and computerized axial tomography (CT scan). Silent strokes, including silent lacunar infarctions, have been shown to be much more common than previously thought, with an estimated prevalence rate of eleven million per year in the United States. Approximately 10% of these silent strokes are silent lacunar infarctions. While dubbed "silent" due to the immediate lack of classic stroke symptoms, SLIs can cause damage to the surrounding brain tissue (lesions) and can affect various aspects of a persons mood, personality, and cognitive functioning. An SLI or any type of silent stroke places an individual at greater risk for future major stroke.[4][5]
Treatment & Prognosis
Typically, tissue plasminogen activator may be administered within three hours of stroke onset if the patient is without contraindications (i.e. a bleeding diathesis such as recent major surgery or cancer with brain metastases). High dose aspirin can be given within 48 hours. For long term prevention of recurrence, medical regimens are typically aimed towards correcting the underlying risk factors for lacunar infarcts such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking. Anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin have shown no benefit over aspirin with regards to five year survival.[6]
Patients who suffer lacunar strokes have a greater chance of surviving beyond thirty days (96%) than those with other types of stroke (85%), and better survival beyond a year (87% versus 65-70%). Between 70% and 80% are functionally independent at 1 year, compared with fewer than 50% otherwise.[7][8]
Physiotherapy interventions are used in the rehabilitation of lacunar stroke. A physiotherapy program will improve joint range of motion of the paretic limb using passive range of motion exercises. When increases in activity are tolerated, and stability improvements are made, patients will progress from rolling to side-lying, to standing (with progressions to prone, quadruped, bridging, long-sitting and kneeling for example) and learn to transfer safely (from their bed to a chair or from a wheel chair to a car for example). Assistance and ambulation aids are used as required as the patient begins walking and lessened as function increases. Furthermore, splints and braces can be used to support limbs and joints to prevent complications such as contractures and spasticity.[9] The rehabilitation healthcare team should also educate the patient and their family on common stroke symptoms and how to manage an onset of stroke. Continuing follow-up with a physician is essential so that the physician may monitor medication dosage and risk factors.[9]
References
- ^ Sacco S, Marini C, Totaro R, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and prognosis of lacunar stroke. Neurology. May 9, 2006;66(9):1335-8.
- ^ Mok VC, Wong A, Lam WW, et al. A case-controlled study of cognitive progression in Chinese lacunar stroke patients. Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery. May 2, 2008
- ^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1163029-overview#aw2aab6c10
- ^ Grau-Olivares M,et al. Neuropsychological abnormalities associated with lacunar infarction. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Jun 15;257(1-2):160-5. Epub 2007 Feb 20. PMID 17316693
- ^ Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Lacunar infarcts defined by magnetic resonance imaging of 3660 elderly people: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Neurol. 1998 Sep;55(9):1217-25. PMID 9740116
- ^ Papamitsakis N. "Lacunar Syndromes" at Emedicine; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1163029-overview
- ^ Bamford J, Sandercock P, Jones L, et al. The natural history of lacunar infarction: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke. May-Jun 1987;18(3):545-51.
- ^ Bejot Y, Catteau A, Caillier M, et al. Trends in incidence, risk factors, and survival in symptomatic lacunar stroke in Dijon, France, from 1989 to 2006. A population-based study. Stroke. Apr 24 2008.
- ^ a b Agranoff, A.B. (Oct 2011). Campagnolo D.I., ed. "Lacunar Stroke.". Medscape.
External links
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CNS disease, Vascular disease: Cerebrovascular diseases (G45–G46 and I60–I69, 430–438)
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Brain ischemia/
cerebral infarction
(ischemic stroke/TIA) |
| TACI, PACI |
- precerebral: Carotid artery stenosis
- cerebral: MCA
- ACA
- Amaurosis fugax
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| POCI |
- precerebral: Anterior spinal artery syndrome
- Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
- Subclavian steal syndrome
- brainstem: medulla
- Medial medullary syndrome
- Lateral medullary syndrome
- pons
- Medial pontine syndrome/Foville's
- Lateral pontine syndrome/Millard-Gubler
- midbrain
- Weber's
- Benedikt
- Claude's
- cerebral: PCA
- Lacunar stroke
- Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
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| General |
- cerebral: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
- CADASIL
- Binswanger's disease
- Transient global amnesia
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Intracranial hemorrhage
(hemorrhagic stroke) |
| Extra-axial |
- Epidural
- Subdural
- Subarachnoid
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| Cerebral/Intra-axial |
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| Brainstem |
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| Aneurysm |
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Intracranial berry aneurysm
- Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm
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| Other/general |
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- fourth ventricle
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Meningitis
- Demylinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- parkinson
- vertigo
- other
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Index of the circulatory system
|
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Arteries
- head and neck
- arms
- chest
- abdomen
- legs
- Veins
- head and neck
- arms
- chest
- abdomen and pelvis
- legs
- Lymph vessels
- Development
- Cells
- Physiology
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Lymphatic vessels
- Injury
- Vasculitis
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- beta blockers
- channel blockers
- diuretics
- nonsympatholytic vasodilatory antihypertensives
- peripheral vasodilators
- renin–angiotensin system
- sympatholytic antihypertensives
- vasoprotectives
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