キヌレン酸
- 関
- kynurenate
WordNet
- street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
- any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
- having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/05/31 12:25:03」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Kynurenic acid |
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IUPAC name
4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid
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Other names
Kinurenic acid, kynuronic acid, quinurenic acid, transtorine
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Identifiers |
CAS number |
492-27-3 Y |
PubChem |
3845 |
ChemSpider |
3712 Y |
KEGG |
C01717 Y |
ChEBI |
CHEBI:18344 Y |
ChEMBL |
CHEMBL299155 Y |
Jmol-3D images |
Image 1 |
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O=C\2c1c(cccc1)NC(=C/2)/C(=O)O
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InChI=1S/C10H7NO3/c12-9-5-8(10(13)14)11-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)9/h1-5H,(H,11,12)(H,13,14) Y
Key: HCZHHEIFKROPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C10H7NO3/c12-9-5-8(10(13)14)11-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)9/h1-5H,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
Key: HCZHHEIFKROPDY-UHFFFAOYAN
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Properties |
Molecular formula |
C10H7NO3 |
Molar mass |
189.168 g/mol |
Melting point |
282.5°C
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Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
Infobox references |
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and anticonvulsant, most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors. Because of this activity, it may influence important neurophysiological and neuropathological processes. As a result, kynurenic acid has been considered for use in therapy in certain neurobiological disorders. Conversely, increased levels of kynurenic acid have also been linked to certain pathological conditions.
Kynurenic acid was discovered in 1853 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in dog urine, which it was apparently named after.[1]
It is formed from L-kynurenine in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase.
Contents
- 1 Mechanism of action
- 2 Role in disease
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
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Mechanism of action [edit]
KYNA has been proposed to act on four targets:
- As an antagonist at ionotropic AMPA, NMDA and Kainate glutamate receptors in the concentration range of 0.1-2.5 mM[2]
- As a noncompetitive antagonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.
- As an antagonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.[3] However, recently (2011) direct recording of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor currents in adult (noncultured) hippocampal interneurons by the Cooper laboratory [4] validated a 2009 study [5] that failed to find any blocking effect of kynurenic acid across a wide range of concentrations, thus suggesting that in noncultured, intact preparations from adult animals there is no effect of kynurenic acid on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor currents [4] [5]
- As a ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35.[6] Another tryptophan metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid exerts its effects via the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35 [7]
Role in disease [edit]
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in patients suffering from tick-borne encephalitis, schizophrenia and HIV-related illnesses. In all these situations increased levels were associated with confusion and psychotic symptoms. Kynurenic acid acts in the brain as a glycine-site NMDAr antagonist, key in glutamatergic neurotransmission system, which is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
A kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed in 2007,[8][9] based on its action on midbrain dopamine activity and NMDArs, thus linking dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia with the glutamate hypothesis of the disease.
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in human urine in certain metabolic disorders, such as marked pyridoxine deficiency and deficiency/absence of kynureninase.
When researchers decreased the levels of kynurenic acid in the brains of mice, the cognition was shown to improve markedly. [10]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Liebig, J., Uber Kynurensäure, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 86: 125-126, 1853.
- ^ Elmslie KS, Yoshikami D. (1985) Effects of kynurenate on root potentials evoked by synaptic activity and amino acids in the frog spinal cord. Brain Res. Mar 25;330(2):265-72.
- ^ Hilmas, C., Pereira, EFR., Alkondon,M., Rassoulpour,A. Schwarcz,R., Albuquerque E.X.,(2001) The Brain Metabolite Kynurenic Acid Inhibits α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activity and Increases Non-α7 Nicotinic Receptor Expression: Physiopathological Implications. J. Neurosci 21(19):7463–7473.
- ^ a b Dobelis P., Varnell A., and Donald C. Cooper. Nicotinic α7 acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents are not modulated by the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid in adult hippocampal interneurons. (2011) Nature Precedings doi=10.1038/npre.2011.6277.1, http://www.neuro-cloud.net/nature-precedings/dobelis/
- ^ a b Mok MH, Fricker AC, Weil A, Kew JN (2009) Electrophysiological characterisation of the actions of kynurenic acid at ligand-gated ion channels. Neuropharmacology 57: 242-249.
- ^ Wang J, Simonavicius N, Wu X, Swaminath G, Reagan J, Tian H, Ling L (2006). "Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (31): 22021–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M603503200. PMID 16754668.
- ^ Grilli M, Raiteri L, Patti L, Parodi M, Robino F, Raiteri M, Marchi M (2006). "Modulation of the function of presynaptic α7 and non-α7 nicotinic receptors by the tryptophan metabolites, 5-hydroxyindole and kynurenate in mouse brain". Br. J. Pharmacol. 149 (6): 724–32. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706914. PMC 2014664. PMID 17016503.
- ^ Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, Linderholm K, Engberg G (2007). "The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia". Physiol. Behav. 92 (1–2): 203–9. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.025. PMID 17573079.
- ^ Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Engberg G (2003). "Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 527: 155–65. PMID 15206728.
- ^ Robert Schwarcz; Elmer, Greg I; Bergeron, Richard; Albuquerque, Edson X; Guidetti, Paolo; Wu, Hui-Qiu; Schwarcz, Robert (2010). "Reduction of Endogenous Kynurenic Acid Formation Enhances Extracellular Glutamate, Hippocampal Plasticity, and Cognitive Behavior". Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (8): 1734–1742. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.39. PMC 3055476. PMID 20336058.
External links [edit]
- Link found between TBE and schizophrenia - TheLocal.se, Sweden's news in English, 6 November 2007.
Neurotransmitters
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Amino acids |
- Alanine
- Aspartate
- Cycloserine
- DMG
- GABA
- Glutamate
- Glycine
- Hypotaurine
- Kynurenic acid (Transtorine)
- NAAG (Spaglumic acid)
- NMG (Sarcosine)
- Serine
- Taurine
- TMG (Betaine)
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Endocannabinoids |
- 2-AG
- 2-AGE (Noladin ether)
- AEA (Anandamide)
- NADA
- OAE (Virodhamine)
- Oleamide
- PEA (Palmitoylethanolamide)
- RVD-Hpα
- Hp (Hemopressin)
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Gasotransmitters |
- Carbon monoxide
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Nitric oxide
- Nitrous oxide
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Monoamines |
Dopamine
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
- Melatonin
- NAS (Normelatonin)
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
- Serotonin (5-HT)
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Purines |
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Trace amines |
- 3-ITA
- 5-MeO-DMT
- Bufotenin
- DMT
- m-Octopamine
- p-Octopamine
- m-Tyramine
- p-Tyramine
- NMT
- Phenethylamine
- Synephrine
- Thyronamine
- Tryptamine
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Others |
- 1,4-BD
- Acetylcholine
- GBL
- GHB
- Histamine
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See also Template:Neuropeptides
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anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp
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noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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Cholinergics
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Receptor ligands
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mAChR
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- Agonists: 77-LH-28-1
- AC-42
- AC-260,584
- Aceclidine
- Acetylcholine
- AF30
- AF150(S)
- AF267B
- AFDX-384
- Alvameline
- AQRA-741
- Arecoline
- Bethanechol
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- CDD-0034
- CDD-0078
- CDD-0097
- CDD-0098
- CDD-0102
- Cevimeline
- Choline
- cis-Dioxolane
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- LY-593,039
- L-689,660
- LY-2,033,298
- McNA343
- Methacholine
- Milameline
- Muscarine
- NGX-267
- Ocvimeline
- Oxotremorine
- PD-151,832
- Pilocarpine
- RS86
- Sabcomeline
- SDZ 210-086
- Sebacylcholine
- Suberylcholine
- Talsaclidine
- Tazomeline
- Thiopilocarpine
- Vedaclidine
- VU-0029767
- VU-0090157
- VU-0152099
- VU-0152100
- VU-0238429
- WAY-132,983
- Xanomeline
- YM-796
Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate
- 4-DAMP
- Aclidinium Bromide
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Atropine
- Atropine Methonitrate
- Benactyzine
- Benzatropine/Benztropine
- Benzydamine
- BIBN 99
- Biperiden
- Bornaprine
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- CS-27349
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentolate
- Darifenacin
- DAU-5884
- Dimethindene
- Dexetimide
- DIBD
- Dicyclomine/Dicycloverine
- Ditran
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Etanautine
- Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine
- Flavoxate
- Himbacine
- HL-031,120
- Ipratropium bromide
- J-104,129
- Hyoscyamine
- Mamba Toxin 3
- Mamba Toxin 7
- Mazaticol
- Mebeverine
- Methoctramine
- Metixene
- N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate
- Orphenadrine
- Otenzepad
- Oxybutynin
- PBID
- PD-102,807
- PD-0298029
- Phenglutarimide
- Phenyltoloxamine
- Pirenzepine
- Piroheptine
- Procyclidine
- Profenamine
- RU-47,213
- SCH-57,790
- SCH-72,788
- SCH-217,443
- Scopolamine/Hyoscine
- Solifenacin
- Telenzepine
- Tiotropium bromide
- Tolterodine
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Tripitamine
- Tropatepine
- Tropicamide
- WIN-2299
- Xanomeline
- Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine
- chlorphenamine
- cyproheptadine
- dimenhydrinate
- diphenhydramine
- doxylamine
- mepyramine/pyrilamine
- phenindamine
- pheniramine
- tripelennamine
- triprolidine, etc)
- Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline
- doxepin
- trimipramine, etc)
- Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine
- maprotiline, etc)
- Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine
- thioridazine, etc)
- Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine
- olanzapine, etc.)
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nAChR
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- Agonists: 5-HIAA
- A-84,543
- A-366,833
- A-582,941
- A-867,744
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- ABT-560
- ABT-894
- Acetylcholine
- Altinicline
- Anabasine
- Anatoxin-a
- AR-R17779
- Butinoline
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- Choline
- Cotinine
- Cytisine
- Decamethonium
- Desformylflustrabromine
- Dianicline
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Ethanol
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- EVP-4473
- EVP-6124
- Galantamine
- GTS-21
- Ispronicline
- Lobeline
- MEM-63,908/RG-3487
- Nicotine
- NS-1738
- PHA-543,613
- PHA-709,829
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-282,987
- Pozanicline
- Rivanicline
- RJR-2429
- Sazetidine A
- Sebacylcholine
- SIB-1508Y
- SIB-1553A
- SSR-180,711
- Suberylcholine
- Suxamethonium/Succinylcholine
- TC-1698
- TC-1734
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- TC-5214
- TC-5619
- TC-6683
- Tebanicline
- Tropisetron
- UB-165
- Varenicline
- WAY-317,538
- XY-4083
Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine
- α-Bungarotoxin
- α-Conotoxin
- Alcuronium
- Amantadine
- Anatruxonium
- Atracurium
- Bupropion
- Chandonium
- Chlorisondamine
- Cisatracurium
- Coclaurine
- Coronaridine
- Dacuronium
- Decamethonium
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextrorphan
- Diadonium
- DHβE
- Dimethyltubocurarine/Metocurine
- Dipyrandium
- Dizocilpine/MK-801
- Doxacurium
- Duador
- Esketamine
- Fazadinium
- Gallamine
- Hexafluronium
- Hexamethonium/Benzohexonium
- Ibogaine
- Isoflurane
- Ketamine
- Kynurenic acid
- Laudexium/Laudolissin
- Levacetylmethadol
- Malouetine
- Mecamylamine
- Memantine
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan/Racemethorphan
- Methyllycaconitine
- Metocurine
- Mivacurium
- Morphanol/Racemorphan
- Neramexane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Pancuronium
- Pempidine
- Pentamine
- Pentolinium
- Phencyclidine
- Pipecuronium
- Radafaxine
- Rapacuronium
- Rocuronium
- Surugatoxin
- Thiocolchicoside
- Toxiferine
- Trimethaphan
- Tropeinium
- Tubocurarine
- Vecuronium
- Xenon
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Reuptake inhibitors
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Plasmalemmal
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CHT Inhibitors
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- Hemicholinium-3/Hemicholine
- Triethylcholine
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Vesicular
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Enzyme inhibitors
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Anabolism
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ChAT inhibitors
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- 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
- 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
- 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
- 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
- Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
- Acryloylcholine
- AF64A
- B115
- BETA
- CM-54,903
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
- N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
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Catabolism
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AChE inhibitors
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BChE inhibitors
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- Cymserine * Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Others
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Precursors
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- Choline (Lecithin)
- Citicoline
- Cyprodenate
- Dimethylethanolamine
- Glycerophosphocholine
- Meclofenoxate/Centrophenoxine
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylethanolamine
- Phosphorylcholine
- Pirisudanol
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Cofactors
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- Acetic acid
- Acetylcarnitine
- Acetyl-coA
- Vitamin B5 (Pantethine
- Pantetheine
- Panthenol)
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Others
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- Acetylcholine releasing agents: α-Latrotoxin
- β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine release inhibitors: Botulinum toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase reactivators: Asoxime
- Obidoxime
- Pralidoxime
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Glutamatergics
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Ionotropic |
AMPA
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- Agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
- AMPA
- Domoic acid
- Quisqualic acid; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
- Cyclothiazide
- CX-516
- CX-546
- CX-614
- CX-691
- CX-717
- Diazoxide
- HCTZ
- IDRA-21
- LY-392,098
- LY-404,187
- LY-451,395
- LY-451,646
- LY-503,430
- Org 26576
- Oxiracetam
- PEPA
- Piracetam
- Pramiracetam
- S-18986
- Sunifiram
- Unifiram
Antagonists: ATPO
- Barbiturates
- BGG492
- Caroverine
- CNQX
- DNQX
- GYKI-52466
- NBQX
- Perampanel
- Talampanel
- Tezampanel
- Topiramate; Negative allosteric modulators: GYKI-53,655
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NMDA
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- Agonists: Glutamate/acite site competitive agonists: Aspartate
- Glutamate
- Homoquinolinic acid
- Ibotenic acid
- NMDA
- Quinolinic acid
- Tetrazolylglycine; Glycine site agonists: ACBD
- ACPC
- ACPD
- Alanine
- CCG
- Cycloserine
- DHPG
- Fluoroalanine
- Glycine
- GLYX-13
- HA-966
- L-687,414
- Milacemide
- Sarcosine
- Serine
- Tetrazolylglycine; Polyamine site agonists: Acamprosate
- Spermidine
- Spermine
Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
- AP7
- CGP-37849
- CGP-39551
- CGP-39653
- CGP-40116
- CGS-19755
- CPP
- LY-233,053
- LY-235,959
- LY-274,614
- MDL-100,453
- Midafotel (d-CPPene)
- NPC-12,626
- NPC-17,742
- PBPD
- PEAQX
- Perzinfotel
- PPDA
- SDZ-220581
- Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists: ARR-15,896
- Caroverine
- Dexanabinol
- FPL-12495
- FR-115,427
- Hodgkinsine
- Magnesium
- MDL-27,266
- NPS-1506
- Psychotridine
- Zinc; Uncompetitive pore blockers: 2-MDP
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 8A-PDHQ
- Alaproclate
- Amantadine
- Aptiganel
- ARL-12,495
- ARL-15,896-AR
- ARL-16,247
- Budipine
- Delucemine
- Dexoxadrol
- Dextrallorphan
- Dieticyclidine
- Dizocilpine
- Endopsychosin
- Esketamine
- Etoxadrol
- Eticyclidine
- Gacyclidine
- Ibogaine
- Indantadol
- Ketamine
- Ketobemidone
- Lanicemine
- Loperamide
- Memantine
- Meperidine (Pethidine)
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan (Dextromethorphan
- Levomethorphan)
- Methoxetamine
- Milnacipran
- Morphanol (Dextrorphan
- Levorphanol)
- NEFA
- Neramexane
- Nitrous oxide
- Noribogaine
- Orphenadrine
- PCPr
- Phencyclamine
- Phencyclidine
- Propoxyphene
- Remacemide
- Rhynchophylline
- Riluzole
- Rimantadine
- Rolicyclidine
- Sabeluzole
- Tenocyclidine
- Tiletamine
- Tramadol
- Xenon; Glycine site antagonists: ACEA-1021
- ACEA-1328
- ACC
- Carisoprodol
- CGP-39653
- CKA
- DCKA
- Felbamate
- Gavestinel
- GV-196,771
- Kynurenic acid
- L-689,560
- L-701,324
- Lacosamide
- Licostinel
- LU-73,068
- MDL-105,519
- Meprobamate
- MRZ 2/576
- PNQX
- ZD-9379; NR2B subunit antagonists: Besonprodil
- CO-101,244 (PD-174,494)
- CP-101,606
- Eliprodil
- Haloperidol
- Ifenprodil
- Isoxsuprine
- Nylidrin
- Ro8-4304
- Ro25-6981
- Traxoprodil; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
- Co 101676
- Diaminopropane
- Acamprosate
- Diethylenetriamine
- Huperzine A
- Putrescine
- Ro 25-6981; Unclassified/unsorted antagonists: Chloroform
- Diethyl ether
- Enflurane
- Ethanol (alcohol)
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Methoxyflurane
- Toluene
- Trichloroethane
- Trichloroethanol
- Trichloroethylene
- Xylene
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Kainate
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- Agonists: 5-Iodowillardiine
- ATPA
- Domoic acid
- Kainic acid
- LY-339,434
- SYM-2081
Antagonists: BGG492
- CNQX
- DNQX
- LY-382,884
- NBQX
- NS102
- Tezampanel
- Topiramate
- UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: NS-3763
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Metabotropic |
Group I
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- Agonists: Non-selective: ACPD
- DHPG
- Quisqualic acid; mGlu1-selective: Ro01-6128
- Ro67-4853
- Ro67-7476
- VU-71; mGlu5-selective: ADX-47273
- CDPPB
- CHPG
- DFB
- VU-1545
Antagonists: Non-selective: MCPG
- NPS-2390; mGlu1-selective: BAY 36-7620
- CPCCOEt
- LY-367,385
- LY-456,236; mGlu5-selective: CTEP
- Dipraglurant
- DMeOB
- LY-344,545
- SIB-1757
- SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Fenobam
- MPEP
- MTEP
- GRN-529
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Group II
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- Agonists: Non-selective: CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039
- LY-487,379
- MGS-0028; mGlu2-selective: BINA
- LY-566,332
Antagonists: Non-selective: APICA
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039; mGlu2-selective: PCCG-4
- mGlu3-selective: CECXG; Negative allosteric modulators: RO4491533
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Group III
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- Agonists: Non-selective: L-AP4; mGlu4-selective: PHCCC
- VU-001,171
- VU-0155,041; mGlu7-selective: AMN082; mGlu8-selective: DCPG
Antagonists: Non-selective: CPPG
- MAP4
- MSOP
- MPPG
- MTPG
- UBP-1112; mGlu7-selective: MMPIP
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Transporter
inhibitors |
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Others |
Precursors
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Cofactors
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- α-Ketoglutaric acid
- Iron
- Sulfur
- Vitamin B2 (as FAD and FMN)
- Vitamin B3 (as NADPH)
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Others
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- KYNA analogue SZR72 modifies CFA-induced dural inflammation- regarding expression of pERK1/2 and IL-1β in the rat trigeminal ganglion.
- Lukács M1,2, Warfvinge K3,4,5, Kruse LS6, Tajti J2, Fülöp F7, Toldi J8,9, Vécsei L2,9, Edvinsson L1,6.
- The journal of headache and pain.J Headache Pain.2016 Dec;17(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s10194-016-0654-5. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
- BACKGROUND: Neurogenic inflammation has for decades been considered an important part of migraine pathophysiology. In the present study, we asked the question if administration of a novel kynurenic acid analogue (SZR72), precursor of an excitotoxin antagonist and anti-inflammatory substance, can mod
- PMID 27377707
- Kynurenic acid and zaprinast induce analgesia by modulating HCN channels through GPR35 activation.
- Resta F1, Masi A2, Sili M3, Laurino A4, Moroni F5, Mannaioni G6.
- Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Sep;108:136-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.038. Epub 2016 Apr 27.
- Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels have a key role in the control of cellular excitability. HCN2, a subgroup of the HCN family channels, are heavily expressed in small dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and their activation seems to be important in the determination of
- PMID 27131920
- Glutamate in peripheral organs: Biology and pharmacology.
- Du J1, Li XH2, Li YJ3.
- European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2016 Aug 5;784:42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.009. Epub 2016 May 7.
- Glutamate is a versatile molecule existing in both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Previous studies have mainly focussed on the biological effect of glutamate in the brain. Recently, abundant evidence has demonstrated that glutamate also participates in the regulation of physiopath
- PMID 27164423
Japanese Journal
- Prevention of Postoperative Fatigue Syndrome in Rat Model by Ginsenoside Rb1 via Down-Regulation of Inflammation along the NMDA Receptor Pathway in the Hippocampus
- Chen Wei-Zhe,Liu Shu,Chen Fan-Feng [他],Zhou Chong-Jun,Yu Jian,Zhuang Cheng-Le,Shen Xian,Chen Bi-Cheng,Yu Zhen
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(2), 239-247, 2015
- … Our results showed that POFS rats exhibited fatigue associated with an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and NMDA receptor 1, higher (kynurenine)/(tryptophan) and (kynurenine)/(kynurenic acid) on postoperative days 1 and 3, and an increased expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on postoperative day 1. …
- NAID 130004872253
- Large Amounts of Picolinic Acid Are Lethal but Small Amounts Increase the Conversion of Tryptophan-Nicotinamide in Rats
- SHIBATA Katsumi,FUKUWATARI Tsutomu
- Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 60(5), 334-339, 2014
- … Picolinic acid (PiA) is an endogenous metabolite of tryptophan that has been reported to possess a wide range of physiological actions. … Toxicity of PiA was higher than that of analogs such as nicotinic acid and quinolinic acid. … PiA did not affect the in vitro liver activities of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase or α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSDase, a Zn-dependent enzyme). …
- NAID 130004773628
- Time-Dependent Effects of L-Tryptophan Administration on Urinary Excretion of L-Tryptophan Metabolites
- HIRATSUKA Chiaki,SANO Mitsue,FUKUWATARI Tsutomu,SHIBATA Katsumi
- Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 60(4), 255-260, 2014
- … The urinary excretion of L-Trp, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, N1-methylnicotinamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide increased in an L-Trp dose-dependent manner on day 7. …
- NAID 130004695717
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- kynurenic acid、kynurenate
- 同
- 4-ヒドロキシキナルジン酸 4-hydroxyquinaldic acid
[★]
- 関
- kynurenic acid
[★]
- 関
- dichlorokynurenic acid