κオピオイド受容体、κオピオイドレセプター

関: kappa receptor

WordNet

a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet

PrepTutorEJDIC

=sense organ / 受信装置
カッパ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第10字Κ,k;英語の『K,k』に相当)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/02 14:51:41」(JST)

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The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene. The KOR is one of four related receptors that bind opiate-like compounds in the brain and are responsible for mediating the effects of these compounds. These effects include altering the perception of pain, consciousness, motor control, and mood.

The KOR is a type of opioid receptor that binds the opioid peptide dynorphin as the primary endogenous ligand (substrate naturally occurring in the body).^[2] In addition to dynorphin, a variety of natural alkaloids and synthetic ligands bind to the receptor. The KOR may provide a natural addiction control mechanism, and therefore, drugs that act as agonists and increase activation of this receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction.

1 Distribution
2 Subtypes
3 Function
4 Signal transduction
5 Ligands
- 5.1 Agonists
- 5.2 Antagonists
- 5.3 Natural agonists
  - 5.3.1 Mentha spp.
  - 5.3.2 Salvia divinorum
  - 5.3.3 Ibogaine
6 Role in treatment of drug addiction
7 Future clinical prospects
8 Interactions
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Distribution

KORs are widely distributed in the brain (hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and claustrum), spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa), and in pain neurons.^[3]^[4]

Subtypes

Based on receptor binding studies, three variants of the KOR designated κ₁, κ₂, and κ₃ have been characterized.^[5]^[6] However only one cDNA clone has been identified,^[7] hence these receptor subtypes likely arise from interaction of one KOR protein with other membrane associated proteins.^[8]

Function

Similarly to μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, KOR agonists are analgesic. However, KOR agonists also produce side effects such as dysphoria and hallucinations, which limits their clinical usefulness.

It has long been understood that KOR agonists are dysphoric.^[9] More recent studies have shown the aversive properties in a variety of ways^[10] and the KOR has been strongly implicated as an integral neurochemical component of addiction and the remission thereof.

It is now widely accepted that KOR agonists have dissociative and hallucinogenic effects, as exemplified by salvinorin A. These effects are generally undesirable in medicinal drugs. It is thought that the hallucinogenic effects of drugs such as butorphanol, nalbuphine, and pentazocine serve to limit their opioid abuse potential. In the case of salvinorin A, a structurally novel neoclerodane diterpene KOR agonist, these hallucinogenic effects are sought after, even though the experience is often considered dysphoric by the user. While salvinorin A is considered a hallucinogen, its effects are qualitatively different than those produced by the classical psychedelic hallucinogens such as LSD or mescaline.^[11]

The involvement of the KOR in stress, as well as in consequences of chronic stress such as depression, anxiety, anhedonia, and increased drug-seeking behavior, has been elucidated.^[9]

Activation of the KOR appears to antagonize many of the effects of the MOR.^[12]

KOR agonists are also known for their characteristic diuretic effects, due to their negative regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).^[13]

KOR agonism is neuroprotective against hypoxia/ischemia; as such, KORs may represent a novel therapeutic target.^[14]

The selective KOR agonist U-50488 protected rats against supramaximal electroshock seizures, indicating that KOR agonism may have anticonvulsant effects.^[15]

Signal transduction

KOR activation by agonists is coupled to the G protein G_i/G₀, which subsequently increases phosphodiesterase activity. Phosphodiesterases break down cAMP, producing an inhibitory effect in neurons.^[16]^[17]^[18] KORs also couple to inward-rectifier potassium^[19] and to N-type calcium ion channels.^[20] Recent studies have also demonstrated that agonist-induced stimulation of the KOR, like other G-protein coupled receptors, can result in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). These include extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAP kinases, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]

Ligands

The synthetic alkaloid ketazocine^[27] and terpenoid natural product salvinorin A^[11] are potent and selective KOR agonists. The KOR also mediates the dysphoria and hallucinations seen with opioids such as pentazocine.^[28]

Agonists

8-Carboxamidocyclazocine
Alazocine
Asimadoline – peripherally-selective
Bremazocine – highly selective
Butorphanol – partial agonist
BRL-52537
Cyclazocine
Dynorphins (dynorphin A, dynorphin B, big dynorphin) – endogenous peptides
Enadoline
Etorphine
FE 200665
GR-89696 – selective for κ₂
HZ-2
Ibogaine – naturally-occurring
ICI-204,448 – peripherally-selective
ICI-199,441
Ketamine
Ketazocine
Levallorphan
Levorphanol
LPK-26 – highly selective
Menthol – naturally-occurring
Metazocine
Morphine – naturally-occurring
Nalbuphine – partial agonist
Nalfurafine
Nalorphine
Norbuprenorphine – partial agonist; peripherally-selective metabolite of buprenorphine
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide – metabolite of buprenorphine
Oxycodone – selective for κ_2b subtype^[29]
Pentazocine – partial agonist
Phenazocine
Salvinorin A – naturally-occurring
2-Methoxymethyl salvinorin B^[30] – and its ethoxymethyl and fluoroethoxymethyl homologues^[31]^[32]
Spiradoline
Tifluadom
U-50488
U-69,593
Xorphanol

Antagonists

5'-Guanidinonaltrindole – selective, long-acting
Amentoflavone – non-selective; naturally-occurring^[33]
Binaltorphimine – selective, long-acting
BU09059 – selective, short-acting; JDTic analogue^[34]
Buprenorphine – non-selective; silent antagonist or weak partial agonist, depending on source
Dezocine – non-selective; silent antagonist
Diprenorphine – non-selective; maybe weak partial agonist
JDTic – selective, long-acting
LY-2456302 – selective, short-acting
Methylnaltrexone – non-selective
ML350 – selective, short-acting^[35]
Nalmefene – non-selective
Naloxone – non-selective
Naltrexone – non-selective
Noribogaine – non-selective; naturally-occurring
Norbinaltorphimine – selective, long-acting
PF-4455242 – selective, short-acting
Quadazocine – non-selective; silent antagonist; preference for κ₂
Zyklophin – selective peptide antagonist; dynorphin A analogue

Natural agonists

Mentha spp.

Found in numerous species of mint, (including peppermint, spearmint, and watermint), the naturally-occurring compound menthol is a weak KOR agonist^[36] owing to its antinociceptive, or pain blocking, effects in rats. In addition, mints can desensitize a region through the activation of TRPM8 receptors (the 'cold'/menthol receptor).^[37]

Salvia divinorum

The key compound in Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, is known as a powerful, short-acting KOR agonist.^[38]^[39]

Ibogaine

Used for the treatment of addiction in limited countries, ibogaine has become an icon of addiction management among certain underground circles. Despite its lack of addictive properties, ibogaine is listed as a Schedule I compound in the US because it is a psychoactive substance, hence it is considered illegal to possess under any circumstances. Ibogaine is also a KOR agonist^[40] and this property may contribute to the drug's anti-addictive efficacy.

Role in treatment of drug addiction

KOR agonists have recently been investigated for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction^[41] and evidence points towards dynorphin, the endogenous KOR agonist, to be the body's natural addiction control mechanism.^[42] Childhood stress/abuse is a well known predictor of drug abuse and is reflected in alterations of the MOR and KOR systems.^[43] In experimental "addiction" models the KOR has also been shown to influence stress-induced relapse to drug seeking behavior. For the drug dependent individual, risk of relapse is a major obstacle to becoming drug free. Recent reports demonstrated that KORs are required for stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking.^[44]^[45]

One area of the brain most strongly associated with addiction is the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and striatum while other structures that project to and from the NAcc also play a critical role. Though many other changes occur, addiction is often characterized by the reduction of dopamine D2 receptors in the NAcc.^[46] In addition to low NAcc D2 binding,^[47]^[48] cocaine is also known to produce a variety of changes to the primate brain such as increases prodynorphin mRNA in caudate putamen (striatum) and decreases of the same in the hypothalamus while the administration of a KOR agonist produced an opposite effect causing an increase in D2 receptors in the NAcc.^[49]

Additionally, while cocaine overdose victims showed a large increase in KORs (doubled) in the NAcc,^[50] KOR agonist administration is shown to be effective in decreasing cocaine seeking and self-administration.^[51] Furthermore, while cocaine abuse is associated with lowered prolactin response,^[52] KOR activation causes a release in prolactin,^[53] a hormone known for its important role in learning, neuronal plasticity and myelination.^[54]

It has also been reported that the KOR system is critical for stress-induced drug-seeking. In animal models, stress has been demonstrated to potentiate cocaine reward behavior in a kappa opioid-dependent manner.^[55]^[56] These effects are likely caused by stress-induced drug craving that requires activation of the KOR system. Although seemingly paradoxical, it is well known that drug taking results in a change from homeostasis to allostasis. It has been suggested that withdrawal-induced dysphoria or stress-induced dysphoria may act as a driving force by which the individual seeks alleviation via drug taking.^[57] The rewarding properties of drug are altered, and it is clear KOR activation following stress modulates the valence of drug to increase its rewarding properties and cause potentiation of reward behavior, or reinstatement to drug seeking. The stress-induced activation of KORs is likely due to multiple signaling mechanisms. The effects of KOR agonism on dopamine systems are well documented, and recent work also implicates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and pCREB in KOR-dependent behaviors.^[24]^[58]

Though cocaine abuse is a frequently used model of addiction, KOR agonists have very marked effects on all types of addiction including alcohol, cocaine and opiate abuse.^[10] Not only are genetic differences in dynorphin receptor expression a marker for alcohol dependence but a single dose of a KOR antagonist markedly increased alcohol consumption in lab animals.^[59] There are numerous studies that reflect a reduction in self-administration of alcohol,^[60] and heroin dependence has also been shown to be effectively treated with KOR agonism by reducing the immediate rewarding effects^[61] and by causing the curative effect of up-regulation (increased production) of MORs^[62] that have been down-regulated during opioid abuse.

The anti-rewarding properties of KOR agonists are mediated through both long-term and short-term effects. The immediate effect of KOR agonism leads to reduction of dopamine release in the NAcc during self administration of cocaine^[63] and over the long term up-regulates receptors that have been down-regulated during substance abuse such as the MOR and the D₂ receptor. These receptors modulate the release of other neurochemicals such as serotonin in the case of MOR agonists and acetylcholine in the case of D₂. These changes can account for the physical and psychological remission of the pathology of addiction. The longer effects of KOR agonism (30 minutes or greater) have been linked to KOR-dependent stress-induced potentiation and reinstatement of drug seeking. It is hypothesized that these behaviors are mediated by KOR-dependent modulation of dopamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine and/or via activation of downstream signal transduction pathways.

Future clinical prospects

Selective KOR antagonists, including ALKS-5461 (a combination formulation of buprenorphine and samidorphan), and LY-2456302, are in clinical trials for the treatment of depression and drug addiction.^[64] JDTic and PF-4455242 were also under investigation but development was halted in both cases due to toxicity concerns (unrelated to their KOR antagonist properties).^[64]

Interactions

The KOR has been shown to interact with sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1^[65]^[66] and ubiquitin C.^[67]

References

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External links

"Opioid Receptors: κ". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
kappa Opioid Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 尿毒症性そう痒症 uremic pruritus
2. 妊娠時のブプレノルフィン補充療法 buprenorphine substitution therapy in pregnancy
3. 小児における急性発症性精神病の救急外来による評価 emergency department evaluation of acute onset psychosis in children
4. 小児および思春期におけるオピオイド中毒 opioid intoxication in children and adolescents
5. そう痒症：マネージメントの概要 pruritus overview of management

English Journal

Identification of neuropeptide receptors expressed by melanin-concentrating hormone neurons.

Parks GS1, Wang L, Wang Z, Civelli O.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2014 Dec 1;522(17):3817-33. doi: 10.1002/cne.23642. Epub 2014 Jul 17.
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-amino-acid cyclic neuropeptide that acts in rodents via the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) to regulate a wide variety of physiological functions. MCH is produced by a distinct population of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and zona incerta (ZI), bu
PMID 24978951

Michael acceptor approach to the design of new salvinorin A-based high affinity ligands for the kappa-opioid receptor.

Polepally PR1, Huben K2, Vardy E3, Setola V3, Mosier PD4, Roth BL3, Zjawiony JK5.
European journal of medicinal chemistry.Eur J Med Chem.2014 Oct 6;85:818-29. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.077. Epub 2014 Aug 23.
The neoclerodane diterpenoid salvinorin A is a major secondary metabolite isolated from the psychoactive plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A has been shown to have high affinity and selectivity for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). To study the ligand-receptor interactions that occur between salvinorin
PMID 25193297

A molecular prospective provides new insights into implication of PDYN and OPRK1 genes in alcohol dependence.

Faisal M1, Waseem D2, Ismatullah H3, Taqi MM4.
Computers in biology and medicine.Comput Biol Med.2014 Oct;53:250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.07.021. Epub 2014 Aug 2.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) both in coding and non-coding regions govern gene functions prompting differential vulnerability to diseases, heterogeneous response to pharmaceutical regimes and environmental anomalies. These genetic variations, SNPs, may alter an individual׳s susceptibility
PMID 25177835

Japanese Journal

Dual modulation of the T-cell receptor-activated signal transduction pathway by morphine in human T lymphocytes.

Mizota Toshiyuki,Tsujikawa Hiroshi,Shoda Takehiro,Fukuda Kazuhiko
Journal of anesthesia 27(1), 80-87, 2013-02
… Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway was examined by analyzing nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation using immunoblotting, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression using quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. … We detected κ-opioid receptor transcript in T cells, but U50,488, a κ-receptor-selective agonist, did not enhance ERK phosphorylation. …
NAID 120005243302

Chronic Peripheral Administration of Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonist Advances Puberty Onset Associated with Acceleration of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Female Rats

NAKAHARA Tatsuo,UENOYAMA Yoshihisa,IWASE Akira [他],OISHI Shinya,NAKAMURA Sho,MINABE Shiori,WATANABE Youki,DEURA Chikaya,NOGUCHI Taro,FUJII Nobutaka,KIKKAWA Fumitaka,MAEDA Kei-ichiro,TSUKAMURA Hiroko
Journal of Reproduction and Development 59(5), 479-484, 2013
… The present study aimed to determine if attenuation of inhibitory dynorphin-kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) signaling triggers the initiation of puberty in normal developing female rats. … The present study also determined if stimulatory NKB-neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) signaling advances puberty onset. …
NAID 130003361050

Dynorphin-Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling Partly Mediates Estrogen Negative Feedback Effect on LH Pulses in Female Rats

MOSTARI Mst. Parvin,IEDA Nahoko,DEURA Chikaya [他],MINABE Shiori,YAMADA Shunji,UENOYAMA Yoshihisa,MAEDA Kei-ichiro,TSUKAMURA Hiroko
Journal of Reproduction and Development 59(3), 266-272, 2013
… The effect of the injection of nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, into the third cerebroventricle (3V) on LH pulses was determined in ovariectomized (OVX) adult female rats with/without replacement of negative feedback levels of estradiol (low E2). …
NAID 130003361025

「κオピオイド受容体」

Opioid receptor, kappa 1
	; Crystallographic structure of the human κ-opioid receptor homo dimer (4djh) imbedded in a cartoon representation of a lipid bilayer. Each monomer is individually rainbow color-ed (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red). The receptor is bound to the ligand JDTic.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4DJH
Identifiers
Symbols	OPRK1 ; KOR; OPRK
External IDs	OMIM: 165196 MGI: 97439 HomoloGene: 20253 IUPHAR: κ ChEMBL: 237 GeneCards: OPRK1 Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• protein binding; • dynorphin receptor activity;
Cellular component	• plasma membrane; • integral to plasma membrane;
Biological process	• immune response; • adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • synaptic transmission; • sensory perception; • behavior; • opioid receptor signaling pathway; • defense response to virus;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: kappa opioid receptor
関: κ受容体、κオピオイドレセプター

「kappa receptor」

　　[★]

κ受容体、κレセプター

関: kappa opioid receptor

「κオピオイドレセプター」

　　[★]

英: kappa opioid receptor
関: κオピオイド受容体

「opioid」

　　[★] オピオイド

同: opioids

「kappa」

　　[★]

κ、カッパー　　

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リンク元	「κオピオイド受容体」「kappa receptor」「κオピオイドレセプター」
関連記事	「opioid」「kappa」

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kappa opioid receptor