関: Datura stramonium、stramonium

WordNet

any plant that crowds out cultivated plants
clear of weeds; "weed the garden"
a black band worn by a man (on the arm or hat) as a sign of mourning (同)mourning_band
very early; "the wee hours of the morning"
a short time; "bide a wee"
a black garment (dress) worn by a widow as a sign of mourning (同)widow''s weeds

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〈C〉『雑草』 / 《the Weed》(巻き)たばこ,葉巻き;マリファナ / 〈C〉(特にひょろ長い)弱々しい人 / 〈庭など〉の『雑草を抜く』,草を取る / (…から)〈雑草〉を抜く《+名+out of(from)+名》
喪服
《おもに幼児語》とても小さい,ちっぽけな / 《米》(時刻が)早い
おしっこする / おしっこ
『私たちは(が)』,われわれは(が) / 《総称的に》『人は』,われわれは / 《論説・評論などで I の代りに用いて》私たちは,吾人(ごじん)は,筆者は / 《子供・病人などに対して,you の代りに養いて》あなたは / 《君主が公式の場でI の代りに用いて》余は

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/03 20:10:49」(JST)

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This article is about the hallucinogenic "loco weed". For the plant toxic to livestock, see Locoweed.

Datura stramonium, known by the common names Jimson weed or datura, is a plant in the Solanaceae (nightshade) family, which is believed to have originated in the Americas, but is now found around the world.^[1]

For centuries, datura has been used as a herbal medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting. It is also a powerful hallucinogen and deliriant, which is used spiritually for the intense visions it produces. However, the tropane alkaloids which are responsible for both the medicinal and hallucinogenic properties are fatally toxic in only slightly higher amounts than the medicinal dosage, and careless use often results in hospitalizations and deaths.

Description [edit]

D. stramonium is a foul-smelling, erect annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 2 to 5 feet (60–150 cm) tall.^[2]^[3]^[4]

The root is long, thick, fibrous and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches, and at each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower.^[4]

The leaves are approximately 3 to 8 inches (8–20 cm) long, smooth, toothed,^[3] soft, irregularly undulate.^[4] The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green.^[3] The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves have been dried.^[5]

Datura stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 2+¹⁄₂ to 3+¹⁄₂ inches (6–9 cm) long, and grow on short stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance and is fed upon by nocturnal moths.^[4]

The elliptic seed capsule is 1 to 3 inches (3–8 cm) in diameter and either covered with spines or bald. At maturity it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small black seeds.^[4]

Fruits and seeds - MHNT

Range and habitat [edit]

Datura stramonium is native to North America, but was spread to the Old World early. It was scientifically described and named by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753, although it was described a century earlier by herbalists, such as Nicholas Culpeper.^[6] Today, it grows wild in all the world's warm and moderate regions, where it is found along roadsides and at dung-rich livestock enclosures.^[7] ^[8] In Europe, it is found as a weed on wastelands and in garbage dumps.^[7]

The seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their droppings. Its seeds can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed. People who discover it growing in their gardens, and are worried about its toxicity, have been advised to dig it up or have it otherwise removed.^[9]

Toxicity [edit]

Main article: Datura: Toxicity

All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. There is a high risk of fatal overdose amongst uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur amongst recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects.^[7]^[10]

The amount of toxins varies widely from plant to plant. There can be as much as a 5:1 variation across plants, and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions.^[7] Additionally, within a given datura plant, concentrations of toxins are higher in certain parts of the plant than others, and can vary from leaf to leaf. When the plant is younger, the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is approximately 3:1; after flowering, this ratio is reversed, with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older.^[11] This variation makes Datura exceptionally hazardous as a drug. In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical in order to minimize harm.^[7] An individual datura seed contains about 0.1 mg of atropine, and the approximate fatal dose for adult humans is >10 mg atropine or >2–4 mg scopolamine.^[12]

Datura intoxication typically produces delirium (as contrasted to hallucination); hyperthermia; tachycardia; bizarre behavior; and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect.^[13] The onset of symptoms generally occurs approximately 30 minutes to an hour after smoking the herb. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, but have been reported in some cases to last as long as 2 weeks.^[14]

As with other cases of anticholinergic poisoning, intravenous physostigmine can be administered in severe cases as an antidote.^[15]

Medicinal uses [edit]

D. stramonium var. tatula, flower (front)

Datura has long been used as an extremely effective treatment for asthma symptoms. The active anti-asthmatic agent is atropine, which causes paralysis of the pulmonary branches of the lungs, eliminating the spasms that cause the asthma attacks. The leaves are generally smoked either in a cigarette or a pipe. This practice of smoking datura to relieve asthma has its origins in traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India. After this was discovered during the late 18th century by James Anderson, the English Physician-General of the East India Company, the practice quickly became popular in Europe.^[16]^[17]

The Zuni used to use datura as an analgesic, to render patients unconscious while broken bones were set.^[18] The Chinese also used it in this manner, as a form of anaesthesia during surgery.^[19]

Atropine and scopalamine (both of which are found in very high concentrations in datura) are muscarinic antagonists which can be used to treat Parkinson's disease and motion sickness, and to inhibit parasympathetic stimulation of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, GI tract, heart and eye.^[20]

Datura can be used to assist in the process of breaking drug addictions, by reducing the symptoms of delirium tremens and morphine withdrawals.^[19]

Other medicinal uses for datura include providing relief from sore throat or toothache and getting rid of parasites.^[21]

Datura should be avoided by patients with heart problems, glaucoma, enlarged prostate, urinary difficulties, fluid buildup in the lungs, or bowel obstructions.^[22]

Spiritual uses [edit]

Datura seedpod, opening up to release seeds inside.

For centuries, Datura stramonium has been used as a mystical sacrament which brings about powerful visions (lasting for days) and opens the user to communication with spirit world.

The ancient inhabitants of what is today central and southern California used to ingest the small black seeds of datura to "commune with deities through visions".^[23] Across the Americas, other indigenous peoples such as the Algonquin, Cherokee, Marie Galente and Luiseño also utilized this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.^[20]^[21]^[24] In Ethiopia, some students and debtrawoch (lay priests), use D. stramonium to "open the mind" to be more receptive to learning, and creative and imaginative thinking.^[25]

The common name "datura" has its roots in ancient India, where the plant is considered particularly sacred—believed to be a favorite of the Hindu god Shiva Nataraja.^[17]

Cultivation [edit]

Datura prefers rich, calcareous soil. Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil will increase the concentration of alkaloids present in the plant. Datura can be grown from seed, which is sown with several feet between each plant. Datura is sensitive to frost, and so should be sheltered during cold weather. The plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe, but still green. To harvest, the entire plant is cut down, the leaves are stripped from the plant, and everything is left to dry. When the fruits begin to burst open, the seeds are harvested. A single intensively planted acre can produce 1,000 to 1,500 pounds (1,100–1,700 kg/ha) of leaf and 700 pounds (780 kg/ha) of seed.^[26]

Etymology [edit]

The genus name is derived from dhatura, an ancient Hindu word for a plant. Stramonium is originally from Greek, strychnos στρύχνος "nightshade" and maniakos μανιακός "mad".^[27]

In the United States the plant is called jimson weed, or more rarely Jamestown weed; it got this name from the town of Jamestown, Virginia, where British soldiers consumed it while attempting to suppress Bacon's Rebellion. They spent eleven days in altered mental states:

The James-Town Weed (which resembles the Thorny Apple of Peru, and I take to be the plant so call'd) is supposed to be one of the greatest coolers in the world. This being an early plant, was gather'd very young for a boil'd salad, by some of the soldiers sent thither to quell the rebellion of Bacon (1676); and some of them ate plentifully of it, the effect of which was a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural fools upon it for several days: one would blow up a feather in the air; another would dart straws at it with much fury; and another, stark naked, was sitting up in a corner like a monkey, grinning and making mows [grimaces] at them; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his companions, and sneer in their faces with a countenance more antic than any in a Dutch droll.

In this frantic condition they were confined, lest they should, in their folly, destroy themselves — though it was observed that all their actions were full of innocence and good nature. Indeed, they were not very cleanly; for they would have wallowed in their own excrements, if they had not been prevented. A thousand such simple tricks they played, and after eleven days returned themselves again, not remembering anything that had passed. – The History and Present State of Virginia, 1705^[28]

Other common names for D. stramonium include devil's trumpet, thorn apple, tolguacha, stinkweed, burundanga, borrachera, locoweed, pricklyburr, devil's cucumber, devil's weed, Hell's Bells, moonflower and, in South Africa, malpitte and mad seeds.^{[citation needed]}

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "Datura stramonium information from NPGS/GRIN". Retrieved 2008-02-05.
^ Stace, Clive (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 0-521-65315-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c Henkel, Alice (1911). "Jimson weed". American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2. Dover Publications. p. 804. ISBN 9780486227993.
^ Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2. Dover Publications. p. 805. ISBN 9780486227993.
^ Culpeper, Nicholas (n.d.; 20th century edition of 1653 publication), Culpeper's Complete Herbal, Slough: W Foulsham & Co Ltd, pp. 368–369, ISBN 0-572-00203-3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Preissel, Ulrike & Hans-Georg Preissel (2002). Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Firefly Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 1-55209-598-3.
^ Veblen, K.E. (2012). "Savanna glade hotspots: Plant community development and synergy with large herbivores". Journal of Arid Environments 78: 119–127.
^ Mail Online, Pensioner finds deadly tropical plant made famous in Harry Potter book in her back garden 3:24 PM on 24th August 2009.
^ AJ Giannini,Drugs of Abuse--Second Edition. Los Angeles, Practice Management Information Corporation, pp.48-51. ISBN 1-57066-053-0.
^ Nellis, David W. (1997). Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press. p. 237. ISBN 9781561641116.
^ Arnett AM (December 1995). "Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) poisoning". Clinical Toxicology Review 18 (3).
^ Freye, Enno (2009-09-21). Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. pp. 217–218. ISBN 978-90-481-2447-3.
^ Pennachio, Marcello et al (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780195370010.
^ Goldfrank, Lewis R. & Flommenbaum, Neil (2006). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 677. ISBN 9780071479141.
^ Barceloux, Donald G. (2008). "Cascara". Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1877. ISBN 9781118382769.
^ ^a ^b Pennachio, Marcello et al (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780195370010.
^ Turner, Matt W. (2009). Remarkable Plants of Texas: Uncommon Accounts of Our Common Natives. University of Texas Press. p. 209. ISBN 9780292718517.
^ ^a ^b Nellis, David W. (1997). Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press. p. 238. ISBN 9781561641116.
^ ^a ^b Biaggioni, Italo et al (2011). Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780123865250.
^ ^a ^b Pennachio, Marcello et al (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9780195370010.
^ Miller, Robert L. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 207. ISBN 9780313318078.
^ Austin, Alfredo Lopez et al. (2005). Mexico's Indigenous Past. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780806137230.
^ Davis, Wade (1997). The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic. Simon & Schuster. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 9780684839295.
^ Molvaer, Reidulf Knut (1995). Socialization and Social Control in Ethiopia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 259. ISBN 9783447036627.
^ Chopra, I.C. (2006). Indigenous Drugs of India. Academic Publishers. p. 143. ISBN 9788185086804.
^ "Datura species". Plants Poisonous to Livestock. Cornell University Department of Animal Science. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Beverley, Robert. "Book II: Of the Natural Product and Conveniencies in Its Unimprov'd State, Before the English Went Thither". The History and Present State of Virginia, In Four Parts (University of North Carolina). p. 24 (Book II). Retrieved 2008-12-15.

External links [edit]

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile: Datura stramonium L.
USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): Datura stramonium L.
Datura stramonium at Liber Herbarum II
Datura spp. at Erowid
Datura stramonium Pictures and information

UpToDate Contents

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1. 抗コリン剤中毒 anticholinergic poisoning
2. 小児での潜在的に毒性を持つ植物の摂取による臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of potentially toxic plant ingestions in children
3. 小児における毒性植物摂取およびニコチン中毒のマネージメント management of toxic plant ingestions and nicotine poisoning in children
4. 瞳孔不同患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with anisocoria
5. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における抗コリン療法の役割 role of anticholinergic therapy in copd

English Journal

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves.

Nikmehr B1, Ghaznavi H2, Rahbar A3, Sadr S4, Mehrzadi S5.
Chinese journal of natural medicines.Chin J Nat Med.2014 Jun;12(6):423-7. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60066-2.
AIM: The anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves against extracellular (promastigote) and intracellular (amastigote) forms of Leishmania major were evaluated in this study.METHOD: In the first stage, pr
PMID 24969522

Datura stramonium intoxication in two children.

Rakotomavo F1, Andriamasy C, Rasamoelina N, Raveloson N.
Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society.Pediatr Int.2014 Jun;56(3):e14-6. doi: 10.1111/ped.12363.
Datura stramonium is a toxic plant member of the Solanaceae family. Its consumption may result in severe anticholinergic toxicity. We report the intoxication of 5- and 4-year-old brothers with Datura stramonium, which presented in two different manners. The first child presented agitation, hallucina
PMID 24894939

Galectin-1-mediated cell adhesion, invasion and cell death in human anaplastic large cell lymphoma: regulatory roles of cell surface glycans.

Suzuki O, Abe M.
International journal of oncology.Int J Oncol.2014 May;44(5):1433-42. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2319. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
Galectin-1 is known to be one of the extracellular matrix proteins. To elucidate the biological roles of galectin-1 in cell adhesion and invasion of human anaplastic large cell lymphoma, we performed cell adhesion and invasion assays using the anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line H-ALCL, which w
PMID 24589677

Japanese Journal

The effects of soybean, jimson weed and velvet leaf

REGNIER E. E.
Weed
NAID 80004576291

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Datura stramonium」「シロバナヨウシュチョウセンアサガオ」「stramonium」
関連記事	「weed」

「Datura stramonium」

Datura stramonium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Datura
Species:	D. stramonium
Binomial name
	Datura stramonium; L.
Synonyms
	Datura inermis Juss. ex Jacq.; Datura stramonium var. chalybea W. D. J. Koch, nom. illeg.; Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr.; Datura tatula L.,;