ダチュラ、ダツラ、チョウセンアサガオ、ョウセンアサガオ属、ダチュラ属、Datura属

関: Datura stramonium

WordNet

thorn apple (同)genus Datura

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/25 01:04:00」(JST)

wiki en

Datura is a genus of nine species of poisonous vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. They are known as angel's trumpets, sometimes sharing that name with the closely related genus Brugmansia, and commonly as daturas. They are also sometimes called moonflowers, one of several plant species to be so. Its precise and natural distribution is uncertain, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe. Its distribution within the Americas and North Africa, however, is most likely restricted to the United States and Mexico in North America, and Tunisia in Africa, where the highest species diversity occurs.

All species of Datura are poisonous, especially their seeds and flowers.

Some South American plants formerly thought of as Datura are now treated as belonging to the distinct genus Brugmansia^[1] (Brugmansia differs from Datura in that it is woody, making shrubs or small trees, and it has pendulous flowers, rather than erect ones). Other related genera include Hyoscyamus and Atropa.

Etymology

The Neo-Latin name Datura is taken from Hindi धतूरा dhatūra 'jimson weed',^[2] ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तूर dhattūra 'white thorn-apple'.^[3]

Description

Datura species are herbaceous, leafy annuals and short-lived perennials which can reach up to 2 m in height. The leaves are alternate, 10–20 cm long and 5–18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The flowers are erect or spreading (not pendulous like those of Brugmansia), trumpet-shaped, 5–20 cm long and 4–12 cm broad at the mouth; colors vary from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The fruit is a spiny capsule 4–10 cm long and 2–6 cm broad, splitting open when ripe to release the numerous seeds. The seeds disperse freely over pastures, fields and even wasteland locations.

Datura belongs to the classic "witches' weeds", along with deadly nightshade, henbane, and mandrake. Most parts of the plants are toxic, and datura has a long history of use for causing delirious states and death. It was well known as an essential ingredient of potions and witches' brews.^[4]

The word datura comes from the sanskrit dhatūr ("thorn apple"); In Sanskrit it is referred as "Kanak" and "Unmatt" in the ancient scriptures of Indian Ayurveda by sage Sushrut and Charaka. Record of this name in English dates back to 1662.^[5] Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to one type in The Scarlet Letter as apple-Peru. In Mexico, its common name is toloache.

In India it has been referred and attributed to as "Poisonous" and aphrodisiac. In little measures it was used in Ayurveda as a medicine from the ancient times. It is used in rituals and prayers to Shiva.

The larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including Hypercompe indecisa, eat some Datura species.

Species and cultivars

It is difficult to classify Datura as to its species, and it often happens that the descriptions of new species are accepted prematurely. Later, these "new species" are found to be simply varieties that have evolved due to conditions at a specific location. They usually disappear in a few years. Contributing to the confusion is the fact that various species, such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia, are very similar in appearance, and the variation within a species can be extreme. For example, Datura species can change size of plant, leaf, and flowers, all depending on location. The same species, when growing in a half-shady, damp location can develop into a flowering bush half as tall as a person, but when growing in a very dry location, will only grow into a thin plant not much more than ankle-high, with tiny flowers and a few miniature leaves.^[4]

Today, experts classify only nine species of Datura:^[4]

D. ceratocaula Jacq. – torna loco
D. discolor Bernh. – desert thorn-apple
D. ferox L. – long-spined thorn-apple
D. inoxia Mill. – thorn-apple, downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, moonflower, sacred datura, toloatzin, toloache
D. leichhardtii F.Muell. ex Benth. (syn. D. pruinosa) – Leichhardt's datura
D. metel L. – devil's trumpet^[4]
D. quercifolia Kunth – oak-leaf thorn-apple
D. stramonium L. (syn. D. inermis) – jimsonweed, thorn-apple
D. wrightii Regel – sacred datura, sacred thorn-apple

American Brugmansia and Datura Society, Inc. (ABADS) is designated in the 2004 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants as the official International Cultivar Registration Authority for Datura. This role was delegated to ABADS by the International Society for Horticultural Science in 2002.

Past classified species

D. bernhardii
D. kymatocarpa
D. lanosa
D. reburra
D. suaveolens

Cultivation

Fruit

D. inoxia with ripe, split-open fruit

Datura species are usually planted annually from the seed produced in the spiny pods, but with care, plants can be overwintered. Most species are suited to being planted outside or in containers. As a rule, they need warm, sunny places and soil that will keep their roots dry. When grown outdoors in good locations, the plants tend to reseed themselves and may become invasive. In containers, they should have porous, aerated potting soil with adequate drainage. The plants are susceptible to fungi in the root area, so organic enrichment such as compost and manure should be avoided.^[4]

Toxicity

All Datura plants contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine, primarily in their seeds and flowers. Because of the presence of these substances, Datura has been used for centuries in some cultures as a poison.^[4]^[6] There can be a 5:1 toxin variation between plants, and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. This variation makes Datura exceptionally hazardous as a drug.

In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical to minimize harm.^[4] Many tragic incidents result from modern users ingesting Datura. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting Datura.^[7]^[8] There are also several reports in the medical literature of deaths from D. stramonium and D. ferox intoxication.^[9]^[10]^[11] Children are especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning, and their prognosis is likely to be death.^[12]^[13]

Datura toxins may be ingested accidentally by consumption of honey produced by several wasp species, including Brachygastra lecheguana, during the Datura blooming season. It appears that these semi-domesticated honey wasps collect Datura nectar for honey production which can lead to poisoning.^[14]

In some parts of Europe and India, Datura has been a popular poison for suicide and murder. From 1950 to 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India, investigated 2,778 deaths caused by ingesting Datura.^[4]^[15]

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported accidental poisoning resulting in hospitalization for a family of six who inadvertently ingested Datura used as an ingredient in stew.^[16]

In some places, it is prohibited to buy, sell, or cultivate Datura plants.^[4]^[15]

Effects of ingestion

Due to the potent combination of anticholinergic substances it contains, Datura intoxication typically produces effects similar to that of an anticholinergic delirium (usually involving a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy); hyperthermia; tachycardia; bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; and severe mydriasis (dilated pupils) with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect.^[17]

No other substance has received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has Datura. The overwhelming majority of those who describe their use of Datura find their experiences extremely unpleasant both mentally and often physically dangerous.^[17]

Treatment

Due to their agitated behavior and confused mental state, victims of Datura poisoning are typically hospitalized. Stomach pumping and the administration of activated charcoal can be used to reduce the stomach's absorption of the ingested material. The drug physostigmine is used to reverse the effect of the poisons. Benzodiazepines can be given to curb the patient's agitation, and supportive care with oxygen, hydration, and symptomatic treatment is often provided. Observation of the patient is indicated until the symptoms resolve, usually from 24–36 hours after ingestion of the Datura.^[15]^[18]

Gallery

Datura flower on the plant (lateral view) near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Datura flower on the plant (top view) near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Datura in bloom. Taken on Sullivan Road, Twentynine Palms, CA 28July2014

References

^ Lester, R. N.; Nee, M.; Estrada, N. (1991). Hawkes, J. G., ed. Solanaceae III – Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution (Proceedings of Third International Conference on Solanaceae). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 197–210. ISBN 0-947643-31-1.
^ American Heritage Dictionary: datura
^ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Preissel, U.; Preissel, H.-G. (2002). Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 106–129. ISBN 1-55209-598-3.
^ the Oxford English Dictionary or OED
^ Adams, J. D. Jr.; Garcia, C. (2005). "Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing". Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4): 459–463. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh130. PMC 1297503. PMID 16322802.
^ Goetz, R.; Siegel, E.; Scaglione, J.; Belson, M.; Patel, M. (2003). "Suspected Moonflower Intoxication -- Ohio, 2002". MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC) 52 (33): 788–791. PMID 12931077.
^ Leinwand, D. (2006-11-01). USA TODAY http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-01-jimson_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-15. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Michalodimitrakis, M.; Koutselinis, A. (1984). "Discussion of "Datura stramonium: A fatal poisoning"". Journal of Forensic Sciences 29 (4): 961–962. PMID 6502123.
^ Boumba, V. A.; Mitselou, A.; Vougiouklakis, T. (2004). "Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds". Veterinary and Human Toxicology 46 (2): 81–82. PMID 15080209.
^ Steenkamp, P. A.; Harding, N. M.; Van Heerden, F. R.; Van Wyk, B.-E. (2004). "Fatal Datura poisoning: Identification of atropine and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography / photodiode array / mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International 145 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.011. PMID 15374592.
^ Taha, S. A.; Mahdi, A. H. (1984). "Datura intoxication in Riyadh". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78 (1): 134–135. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90196-2. PMID 6710568.
^ Djibo, A.; Bouzou, S. B. (2000). "[Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger]". Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique (in French) 93 (4): 294–297. PMID 11204734.
^ Bequaert, J.Q. (1932). “The Nearctic social wasps of the subfamily polybiinae (Hymenoptera; Vespidae)". Entomologica Americana. 13(3):87-150.
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrews, Dale (2013-02-28). "Daturas". Crime Poisons. Washington: SleuthSayers. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ Bontoyan, W.; et al. (2010-02-05). "Jimsonweed Poisoning Associated with a Homemade Stew – Maryland, 2008" (pdf). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 (4): 102–103. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ ^a ^b Freye, E. (2010). "Toxicity of Datura Stramonium". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 217–218. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34. ISBN 978-90-481-2447-3.
^ Bliss, M. (2001). "Datura Plant Poisoning" (pdf). Clinical Toxicology Review 23 (6).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Datura.

Wikispecies has information related to: Datura

"PLANTS Profile: Datura L.". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
"GRIN Species Records of Datura". USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
"Datura Vault". Erowid.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 抗コリン剤中毒 anticholinergic poisoning
2. 小児における有毒植物の誤飲およびニコチン中毒：マネージメント toxic plant ingestions and nicotine poisoning in children management
3. 小児における有毒植物の誤飲：臨床症状および評価 potentially toxic plant ingestions in children clinical manifestations and evaluation
4. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における抗コリン療法の役割 role of anticholinergic therapy in copd
5. 小児における急性発症性精神病の救急外来による評価 emergency department evaluation of acute onset psychosis in children

English Journal

Genome sequence of a virus isolate from tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) in Colombia: evidence for a new potyvirus.

Gutiérrez PA1, Alzate JF, Marín Montoya M.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2014 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Based on the results of a deep sequencing transcriptome study of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum), we report the genome sequence of a virus from this host plant. Since this probably represents a new member of the genus Potyvirus, the name tamarillo leaf malformation virus (TaLMV) has been proposed. Phyl
PMID 25466572

Identification of a new tospovirus causing necrotic ringspot on tomato in China.

Yin Y, Zheng K, Dong J, Fang Q, Wu S, Wang L, Zhang Z.
Virology journal.Virol J.2014 Dec 3;11(1):213. [Epub ahead of print]
BackgroundEmerging tospoviruses cause significant yield losses and quality reduction in vegetables, ornamentals, and legumes throughout the world. So far, eight tospoviruses were reported in China. Tomato fruits displaying necrotic and concentric ringspot symptoms were found in Guizhou province of s
PMID 25465801

Botanicals, selective insecticides, and predators to control Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in citrus orchards.

Khan AA1, Afzal M, Qureshi JA, Khan AM, Raza AM.
Insect science.Insect Sci.2014 Dec;21(6):717-26. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12173. Epub 2014 Nov 12.
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama vectors pathogens that cause huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening devastating and economically important disease present in most citrus growing regions. Young citrus shoots are required for psyllid reproduction and development. During winter
PMID 25205398

Japanese Journal

薬用植物チョウセンアサガオ類に発生したAlternaria crassaによる輪紋病(新称)

関東東山病害虫研究会報 = Annual report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society 62, 83-86, 2015-12
NAID 40020689553

Lectin-binding sites in epithelial cells of the mouse prostate gland

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 91(4), 91-95, 2015
NAID 130005070820

チョウセンアサガオレクチンDatura stramonium agglutininが誘導する神経芽腫細胞死における標的分子の探索

杉山産業化学研究所年報, 1-25, 2014
NAID 40020661520

「ダチュラ」

Datura
	Datura metel
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Subfamily:	Solanoideae
Tribe:	Datureae
Genus:	Datura; L.
Type species
	Datura stramonium; L.
Species
	See text below

　　[★]

ラ: Datura、Datura stramonium
関: ダツラ、シロバナヨウシュチョウセンアサガオ、ヨウシュチョウセンアサガオ、チョウセンアサガオ、チョウセンアサガオ属、ダチュラ属、Datura属

「ダツラ」

　　[★]

ラ: Datura
関: ダチュラ、チョウセンアサガオ、チョウセンアサガオ属、ダチュラ属、Datura属

「ダチュラ属」

　　[★]

ラ: Datura
関: ダツラ、ダチュラ、チョウセンアサガオ、チョウセンアサガオ属、Datura属

「チョウセンアサガオ」

　　[★]

ラ: Datura
関: ダツラ、ダチュラ、チョウセンアサガオ属、ダチュラ属、Datura属

「チョウセンアサガオ属」

　　[★]

ラ: Datura
関: ダツラ、ダチュラ、チョウセンアサガオ、ダチュラ属、Datura属

「Datura stramonium」

　　[★]

シロバナヨウシュチョウセンアサガオ、ヨウシュチョウセンアサガオ、ダチュラ

関: Datura、jimson weed、stramonium

「Datura属」

　　[★]

ラ: Datura
関: ダツラ、ダチュラ、チョウセンアサガオ、チョウセンアサガオ属、ダチュラ属

[1] Lester, R. N.; Nee, M.; Estrada, N. (1991). Hawkes, J. G., ed. Solanaceae III – Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution (Proceedings of Third International Conference on Solanaceae). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 197–210. ISBN 0-947643-31-1.

[2] American Heritage Dictionary: datura

[3] Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

[Preissel-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Preissel, U.; Preissel, H.-G. (2002). Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 106–129. ISBN 1-55209-598-3.

[5] the Oxford English Dictionary or OED

[6] Adams, J. D. Jr.; Garcia, C. (2005). "Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing". Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4): 459–463. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh130. PMC 1297503. PMID 16322802.

[7] Goetz, R.; Siegel, E.; Scaglione, J.; Belson, M.; Patel, M. (2003). "Suspected Moonflower Intoxication -- Ohio, 2002". MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC) 52 (33): 788–791. PMID 12931077.

[8] Leinwand, D. (2006-11-01). USA TODAY http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-01-jimson_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-15. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[9] Michalodimitrakis, M.; Koutselinis, A. (1984). "Discussion of "Datura stramonium: A fatal poisoning"". Journal of Forensic Sciences 29 (4): 961–962. PMID 6502123.

[10] Boumba, V. A.; Mitselou, A.; Vougiouklakis, T. (2004). "Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds". Veterinary and Human Toxicology 46 (2): 81–82. PMID 15080209.

[11] Steenkamp, P. A.; Harding, N. M.; Van Heerden, F. R.; Van Wyk, B.-E. (2004). "Fatal Datura poisoning: Identification of atropine and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography / photodiode array / mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International 145 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.011. PMID 15374592.

[12] Taha, S. A.; Mahdi, A. H. (1984). "Datura intoxication in Riyadh". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78 (1): 134–135. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90196-2. PMID 6710568.

[13] Djibo, A.; Bouzou, S. B. (2000). "[Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger]". Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique (in French) 93 (4): 294–297. PMID 11204734.

[Bequaert-14] Bequaert, J.Q. (1932). “The Nearctic social wasps of the subfamily polybiinae (Hymenoptera; Vespidae)". Entomologica Americana. 13(3):87-150.

[SS1-15] Andrews, Dale (2013-02-28). "Daturas". Crime Poisons. Washington: SleuthSayers. Retrieved 4 March 2013.

[CDCStew-16] Bontoyan, W.; et al. (2010-02-05). "Jimsonweed Poisoning Associated with a Homemade Stew – Maryland, 2008" (pdf). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59 (4): 102–103. Retrieved 2010-02-11.

[Freye-17] Freye, E. (2010). "Toxicity of Datura Stramonium". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 217–218. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34. ISBN 978-90-481-2447-3.

[18] Bliss, M. (2001). "Datura Plant Poisoning" (pdf). Clinical Toxicology Review 23 (6).

リンク元	「ダチュラ」「ダツラ」「ダチュラ属」「チョウセンアサガオ」「チョウセンアサガオ属」
拡張検索	「Datura stramonium」「Datura属」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Datura