WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
of or relating to interstices

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
OLD French古[代]フランス語

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児および小児における間質性肺疾患分類 classification of interstitial lung disease in infants and children
2. 特発性間質性肺炎：臨床症状および病理 idiopathic interstitial pneumonias clinical manifestations and pathology
3. 間質性肺疾患における肺生検結果の解釈 interpretation of lung biopsy results in interstitial lung disease
4. B細胞前リンパ球性白血病 b cell prolymphocytic leukemia
5. 精巣性索間質腫瘍 testicular sex cord stromal tumors

English Journal

Evidence of higher levels of testosterone during the velvet period in muntjac than in other cervids.

Lin CS1, Pei KJ2, Wang PS3, Liu BT4.Author information 1Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.2Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan. Electronic address: kcjpei@mail.npust.edu.tw.3Department of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Ph.D. Program for Aging, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.4Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.AbstractPrevious studies have shown that despite having a clear seasonal fluctuation in fecal testosterone concentration, the significantly lower testosterone levels found in velvet stags of the nonseasonal breeder muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) apparently did not stop their spermatogenesis as in other deer species. In the present study, in vitro cultivated Leydig cells isolated from adult stags of three native deer species of Taiwan were treated with androstenedione, with or without adding human chorionic gonadotropin. Results showed that, unlike the two seasonal breeders, sika deer (Cervus nippon) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), Leydig cells of velvet muntjac had no dramatic reduction in or even maintained the full capability of their testosterone productivity compared with the hard-antlered stage. The decrease in fecal testosterone level observed earlier in muntjac during the velvet period was probably due to a reduction of number of Leydig cells. These results support the hypothesis that testosterone production in muntjac during its velvet period might never be low enough to trigger the quiescent phase of the reproduction cycle.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Feb;81(3):403-6. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Previous studies have shown that despite having a clear seasonal fluctuation in fecal testosterone concentration, the significantly lower testosterone levels found in velvet stags of the nonseasonal breeder muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) apparently did not stop their spermatogenesis as in other deer specie
PMID 24220360

Regulation of male fertility by the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin.

Karsenty G, Oury F.Author information Columbia University, Department of Genetics and Development, HHSC 1602, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: gk2172@columbia.edu.AbstractTraditionally, bone has been viewed as a relatively static tissue only fulfilling mechanical and scaffolding function. In the past decade however, this classical view of the bone has considerably evolved towards a more complex picture. It is now clear that the skeleton is not only a recipient for hormonal input but it is also an endocrine organ itself. Through the secretion of an osteoblast-derived molecule, osteocalcin, the skeleton regulates glucose homeostasis and male reproductive functions. When undercarboxylated, osteocalcin acts following its binding to a G-coupled receptor, Gprc6a, on pancreatic β cells to increase insulin secretion, on muscle and white adipose tissue to promote glucose homeostasis and on Leydig cells of the testis to favor testosterone biosynthesis. More recently, it was also shown that osteocalcin acts via a pancreas-bone-testis axis that regulates, independently of and in parallel to the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis, male reproductive functions by promoting testosterone biosynthesis. Lastly, in trying to expand the biological relevance of osteocalcin from mouse to human, it was shown that Gprc6a is a potential new susceptibility locus for primary testicular failure in humans. Altogether, these results shed new light on the importance of the endocrine role of the skeleton and also provide credence to the search for additional endocrine functions of this organ.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2014 Jan 25;382(1):521-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.008. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Traditionally, bone has been viewed as a relatively static tissue only fulfilling mechanical and scaffolding function. In the past decade however, this classical view of the bone has considerably evolved towards a more complex picture. It is now clear that the skeleton is not only a recipient for ho
PMID 24145129

Japanese Journal

Evidence for Almost Complete Sex-reversal in Bovine Freemartin Gonads: Formation of Seminiferous Tubule-like Structures and Transdifferentiation into Typical Testicular Cell Types

HARIKAE Kyoko,TSUNEKAWA Naoki,HIRAMATSU Ryuji,TODA Syohei,KUROHMARU Masamichi,KANAI Yoshiakira
Journal of
… During mammalian sex determination of XY fetuses, SRYinduces SOX9 in Sertoli cells, resulting in formation of testes with seminiferous tubules, interstitial Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells. … Interestingly, freemartins sometimes develop highly masculinized gonads with seminiferous tubule-like structures despite the absence of SRY. …
NAID 130001855004

TGF-β1 System in Leydig Cells. Part II : TGF-β1 and Progesterone, Through Smad1/5, are Involved in the Hyperplasia/hypertrophy of Leydig Cells

GONZALEZ Candela R.,GONZALEZ Betina,RULLI Susana B.,DOS SANTOS Mara L.,MATTOS JARDIM COSTA Guilherme,FRANCA Luiz R.,CALANDRA Ricardo S.,GONZALEZ-CALVAR Silvia I.
The Journal of
… Several reports indicate that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression. … In this work, we analyzed the in vitro effect of TGF-β1 on Leydig cell proliferation markers and the in vivo effect of this cytokine in Leydig cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy. …
NAID 10026621587