介在ニューロン
- 関
- intercalated neuron、interneuron、interneuronal、internuncial neuron
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/11 00:20:00」(JST)
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| Interneuron |
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A spinal interneuron (relay neuron) forms part of a reflex arc
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| Details |
| Location |
Nervous system |
| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
A08.663.358 |
| Code |
TH H2.00.06.1.00058 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Intrinsic neuron role |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
i_10/12455676 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
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An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron or local circuit neuron) is one of the three classifications of neurons found in the human body. Interneurons create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They have been found to function in reflexes, neuronal oscillations,[1] and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons, and relay interneurons.[2] Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information.[3] Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions.[3] The interaction between interneurons allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning, and decision making.
Contents
- 1 Interneurons in the Central Nervous System
- 1.1 Interneurons of the spinal cord
- 1.2 Interneurons of the cortex
- 1.3 Interneurons of the cerebellum
- 1.4 Interneurons of the striatum
- 2 References
Interneurons in the Central Nervous System
Unlike the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the central nervous system, including the brain, contains many interneurons. In the neocortex (making up about 80% of the human brain), approximately 20-30% of neurons are interneurons.[4] Interneurons in the CNS are primarily inhibitory, and use the neurotransmitter GABA or glycine. However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like acetylcholine.
In 2008, a nomenclature for the features of GABAergic cortical interneurons was proposed, called Petilla terminology.[5]
Interneurons of the spinal cord
- 1a Inhibitory Neuron: Found in Lamina VII. Responsible for inhibiting antagonist motor neuron. 1a spindle afferents activate 1a inhibitory neuron.
- 1b Inhibitory Neuron: Found in Lamina V, VI, VII. afferent or Golgi tendon organ activates it.
Interneurons of the cortex
- Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons
- CCK-expressing interneurons
- VIP-expressing interneurons
- SOM-expressing interneurons
Interneurons of the cerebellum
- Molecular layer (basket cells, stellate cells)
- Golgi cells
- Granule cells
- Lugaro cells
- Unipolar brush cells
Interneurons of the striatum
- Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons[6]
- Cholinergic interneurons[7][8]
- Tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons[9]
- Calretinin-expressing interneurons[10]
- Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons[10]
References
- ^ Whittington, M.A; Traub, R.D; Kopell, N; Ermentrout, B; Buhl, E.H (2000). "Inhibition-based rhythms: Experimental and mathematical observations on network dynamics". International Journal of Psychophysiology 38 (3): 315–36. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00173-2. PMID 11102670.
- ^ Carlson, Neil R. (2013). Physiology of Behavior (11th ed.). Pearson Higher Education. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-205-23939-9.
- ^ a b Kandel, Eric; Schwartz, James; Jessell, Thomas, eds. (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York City, New York: McGraw Hill Companies. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1.
- ^ Markram, Henry, et al. "Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5.10 (2004): 793-807.
- ^ Ascoli, Giorgio A.; Alonso-Nanclares, Lidia; Anderson, Stewart A.; Barrionuevo, German; Benavides-Piccione, Ruth; Burkhalter, Andreas; Buzsáki, György; Cauli, Bruno; Defelipe, Javier; Fairén, Alfonso; Feldmeyer, Dirk; Fishell, Gord; Fregnac, Yves; Freund, Tamas F.; Gardner, Daniel; Gardner, Esther P.; Goldberg, Jesse H.; Helmstaedter, Moritz; Hestrin, Shaul; Karube, Fuyuki; Kisvárday, Zoltán F.; Lambolez, Bertrand; Lewis, David A.; Marin, Oscar; Markram, Henry; Muñoz, Alberto; Packer, Adam; Petersen, Carl C. H.; Rockland, Kathleen S.; et al. (2008). "Petilla terminology: Nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (7): 557–68. doi:10.1038/nrn2402. PMC 2868386. PMID 18568015.
- ^ Tepper, James M.; Koós, Tibor (1999). "Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons". Nature Neuroscience 2 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1038/8138. PMID 10321252.
- ^ Zhou, Fu-Ming; Wilson, Charles J.; Dani, John A. (2002). "Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum". Journal of Neurobiology 53 (4): 590–605. doi:10.1002/neu.10150. PMID 12436423.
- ^ English, Daniel F; Ibanez-Sandoval, Osvaldo; Stark, Eran; Tecuapetla, Fatuel; Buzsáki, György; Deisseroth, Karl; Tepper, James M; Koos, Tibor (2011). "GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement-related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons". Nature Neuroscience 15 (1): 123–30. doi:10.1038/nn.2984. PMC 3245803. PMID 22158514.
- ^ Ibanez-Sandoval, O.; Tecuapetla, F.; Unal, B.; Shah, F.; Koos, T.; Tepper, J. M. (2010). "Electrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics and Synaptic Connectivity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Expressing Neurons in Adult Mouse Striatum". Journal of Neuroscience 30 (20): 6999–7016. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-09.2010. PMID 20484642.
- ^ a b Ibáñez-Sandoval, Osvaldo; Koós, Tibor; Tecuapetla, Fatuel; Tepper, James M. (2010). "Heterogeneity and Diversity of Striatal GABAergic Interneurons". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 4: 150. doi:10.3389/fnana.2010.00150. PMID 21228905.
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The spinal cord
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| General features |
- Cervical enlargement
- Lumbar enlargement
- Conus medullaris
- Filum terminale
- Cauda equina
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| Grey matter |
| Posterior grey column |
- Marginal nucleus
- Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
- Nucleus proprius
- Spinal lamina V
- Spinal lamina VI
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| Lateral grey column |
- Intermediolateral nucleus
- Posterior thoracic nucleus
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| Anterior grey column |
- Interneuron
- Alpha motor neuron
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| Other |
- Rexed laminae
- Central gelatinous substance
- Gray commissure
- Central canal
- Terminal ventricle
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| White matter |
| Sensory |
| Posterior |
- Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway:
- Gracile
- Cuneate
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| Lateral: |
- Spinocerebellar
- Spinothalamic
- Posterolateral
- Spinotectal
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- Spinoreticular tract
- Spino-olivary tract
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| Motor |
| Lateral |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Rubrospinal
- Olivospinal
- Raphespinal
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| Anterior |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Vestibulospinal
- Reticulospinal
- Tectospinal
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| Both |
- Anterior white commissure
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| External features |
- Ventral
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Dorsal
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
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Nervous tissue
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| CNS |
| Tissue Types |
- Grey matter
- White matter
- Projection fibers
- Association fiber
- Commissural fiber
- Lemniscus
- Funiculus
- Fasciculus
- Decussation
- Commissure
- Neuropil
- Meninges
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| Cell Types |
| Neuronal |
- Pyramidal
- Purkinje
- Granule
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| Glial |
| insulating: |
- Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
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| other |
- Astrocyte
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
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| PNS |
| General |
- Posterior
- Anterior
- Ramus communicans
- Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
- Postganglionic nerve fibers)
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| Connective tissues |
- epineurium
- perineurium
- endoneurium
- nerve fascicle
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| Neuroglia |
- Myelination: Schwann cell
- Neurolemma
- Myelin incisure
- Node of Ranvier
- Internodal segment
- Satellite glial cell
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Neurons/
nerve fibers |
| Parts |
| Soma |
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| Axon |
- Axon terminals
- Axoplasm
- Axolemma
- Neurofibril/neurofilament
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| Dendrite |
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- Nissl body
- Dendritic spine
- Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
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| Types |
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
- Pseudounipolar
- Multipolar
- Interneuron
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Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory nerve |
- GSA
- GVA
- SSA
- SVA
- fibers
- Ia
- Ib or Golgi
- II or Aβ
- III or Aδ or fast pain
- IV or C or slow pain
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Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor nerve |
- GSE
- GVE
- SVE
- Upper motor neuron
- Lower motor neuron
- α motorneuron
- β motorneuron
- γ motorneuron
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| Termination |
| Synapse |
- Electrical synapse/Gap junction
- Chemical synapse
- Synaptic vesicle
- Active zone
- Postsynaptic density
- Ribbon synapse
- Neuromuscular junction
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| Sensory receptors |
- Meissner's corpuscle
- Merkel nerve ending
- Pacinian corpuscle
- Ruffini ending
- Muscle spindle
- Free nerve ending
- Olfactory receptor neuron
- Photoreceptor cell
- Hair cell
- Taste bud
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English Journal
- Extensive respiratory chain defects in inhibitory interneurones in patients with mitochondrial disease.
- Lax NZ1, Grady J1, Laude A2, Chan F3, Hepplewhite PD1, Gorman G1, Whittaker RG3,4, Ng Y1, Cunningham MO3, Turnbull DM1.
- Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol.2016 Feb;42(2):180-93. doi: 10.1111/nan.12238. Epub 2015 May 30.
- AIMS: Mitochondrial disorders are among the most frequently inherited cause of neurological disease and arise due to mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Currently, we do not understand the specific involvement of certain brain regions or selective neuronal vulnerability in mitochondrial disea
- PMID 25786813
- Single CA3 pyramidal cells trigger sharp waves in vitro by exciting interneurones.
- Bazelot M1, Teleńczuk MT1, Miles R1.
- The Journal of physiology.J Physiol.2016 Jan 5. doi: 10.1113/JP271644. [Epub ahead of print]
- Sharp waves (SPWs) are a hippocampal population activity that has been linked to neuronal representations. We show that SPWs in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices can be triggered by firing of single pyramidal cells. Single action potentials in about a third of pyramidal cells initiated SPWs a
- PMID 26728572
- Excitatory connections of nonspiking interneurones in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish.
- Namba H1, Nagayama T.
- Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol.2015 Aug;201(8):773-81. doi: 10.1007/s00359-015-1017-4. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
- The output effects of the nonspiking interneurones in the crayfish terminal abdominal ganglion upon the uropod motor neurones were characterized using simultaneous intracellular recordings. Inhibitory interactions from nonspiking interneurones to the uropod motor neurones were one-way and chemically
- PMID 26038269
Japanese Journal
- 長山 俊樹
- 比較生理生化学 31(1), 3-12, 2014
- ザリガニ腹部最終神経節は尾扇肢感覚情報処理・運動出力制御の中枢であり，上行性・局在性スパイキング及びノンスパイキング介在ニューロンからなる局所回路が形成されている。この回路の抑制経路を電気生理学的・薬理学的・免疫組織化学的手法を用い明らかにした。前運動性要素のノンスパイキング介在ニューロンにはPL，ALという２グループが存在し，PLニューロンの抑制性伝達物質はGABA，ALニューロンはグルタミン酸 …
- NAID 130003394321
- Defined types of cortical interneurone structure space and spike timing in the hippocampus
- 等角速度運動が相反性脊髄反射回路に及ぼす影響の研究
- 三和 真人
- 理学療法学 30(6), 343-351, 2003-10-20
- 本研究は, 理学療法の運動療法が中枢神経系にどのように影響するかを脊髄反射回路で起きる相反性抑制を通して, 定量的に評価・測定するものである。方法は, 平均年齢22歳のスポーツ経験のない健常成人10名を対象に, 角速度60 deg/sec と120 deg/secの2群に分け, 等速性運動装置(サイベックス6000)を用いて10回10セット, セットごとの休息時間30秒の足関節底背屈運動を1日1回 …
- NAID 110003993176
Related Links
- Interneurone synonyms, Interneurone antonyms. Information about Interneurone in the free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. Interneurone - definition of Interneurone by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary ...
- Definition of Interneurone in the Medical Dictionary. Interneurone explanation. Information about Interneurone in Free online English dictionary. What is Interneurone? Meaning of Interneurone medical term. What does Interneurone ...
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[★]
- 関
- intercalated neuron、interneuron、interneurone、internuncial neuron
[★]
- 関
- interneuron、interneuronal、interneurone、internuncial neuron
[★]
- 関
- intercalated neuron、interneuron、interneuronal、interneurone