WordNet

relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis; "hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are called inorganic substances"
lacking the properties characteristic of living organisms
not involving carbon compounds; "inorganically bound molecules"

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無生物の / 無機の
無機的に

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/05 00:28:58」(JST)

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Main article: Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic compounds are those that lack carbon and hydrogen atoms. Inorganic compounds are traditionally viewed as being synthesized by the agency of geological systems. In contrast, organic compounds are found in biological systems. Organic chemists traditionally refer to any molecule containing carbon as an organic compound and by default this means that inorganic chemistry deals with molecules lacking carbon.^[1] The 19th century chemist, Berzelius, described inorganic compounds as inanimate, not biological, origin,^[2] although many minerals are of biological origin. Biologists may distinguish organic from inorganic compounds in a different way that does not hinge on the presence of a carbon atom. Pools of organic matter, for example, that have been metabolically incorporated into living tissues persist in decomposing tissues, but as molecules become oxidized into the open environment, such as atmospheric CO₂, this creates a separate pool of inorganic compounds. The distinction between inorganic and organic compounds is not always clear. Some scientists, for example, view the open environment (i.e., the ecosphere) as an extension of life and from this perspective may consider atmospheric CO₂ as an organic compound. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an agency widely recognized for defining chemical terms, does not offer definitions of inorganic or organic. Hence, the definition for an inorganic versus an organic compound in a multidisciplinary context spans the division between living (or animate) and non-living (or inanimate) matter and remains open to debate according to the way that one views the world.^[3]

Modern usage[edit]

Inorganic compounds can be formally defined with reference to what they are not — organic compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon bonds in which at least one carbon atom is covalently linked to an atom of another type (commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen). Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic.^[4] When considering inorganic chemistry and life, it is useful to recall that many species in nature are not compounds per se but are ions (e.g., proteins, DNA, and RNA). Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as carbonic acid, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by bioinorganic chemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.

Inorganic carbon compounds[edit]

Many compounds that contain carbon are considered inorganic, for example, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, and thyocyanates. In general, however, the workers in these areas are not concerned about strict definitions.

Coordination chemistry[edit]

A large class of compounds discussed in inorganic chemistry textbooks are coordination compounds. Examples range from substances that are strictly inorganic, such as [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃, to organometallic compounds, such as Fe(C₅H₅)₂, and extending to bioinorganic compounds, such as the hydrogenase enzymes.

Mineralogy[edit]

Minerals are mainly oxides and sulfides, which are strictly inorganic, although they may be of biological origin. In fact, most of the earth is inorganic. Although the components of Earth's crust are well-elucidated, the processes of mineralization and the composition of the deep mantle remain active areas of investigation, which are covered mainly in geology-oriented venues.^[5]

References[edit]

^ Major textbooks on inorganic chemistry, however, decline to define inorganic compounds: Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Francisco, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5; Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. , Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-84997-9
^ J. J. Berzelius "Lehrbuch der Chemie," 1st ed., Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig, 1827. ISBN 1-148-99953-1. Brief English commentary in English can be found in Bent Soren Jorgensen "More on Berzelius and the vital force" J. Chem. Educ., 1965, vol. 42, p 394. doi:10.1021/ed042p394
^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/431954/organic-compound
^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/431954/organic-compound
^ Newman, D. K.; Banfield, J. F. "Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems". Science 296 (5570): 1071–1077. doi:10.1126/science.1010716. PMID 12004119.

External links[edit]

What is the difference between an inorganic and organic compound? MadSci Network: Chemistry, Nov. 30, 2000

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Variations in the accumulation, localization and rate of metabolization of selenium in mature Zea mays plants supplied with selenite or selenate.

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Effects of various factors of ultrasonic treatment on the extraction recovery of drugs from fish tissues.

Magiera S1, Pardylla A2, Baranowska I2.
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In the present research, a combined extraction method of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in conjunction with solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied to isolation and enrichment of selected drugs (metoprolol, ticlopidine, propranolol, carbamazepine, naproxen, acenocumarol, diclofenac, ibuprofen
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Sonochemical precipitation of amorphous uranium phosphates from trialkyl phosphate solutions and their thermal conversion to UP2O7.

Doroshenko I1, Zurkova J2, Moravec Z2, Bezdicka P3, Pinkas J4.
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Insoluble amorphous precipitates containing uranyl and phosphate ions are obtained by sonication of solutions of three uranyl precursors, UO2(X)2, X=NO3, CH3COO, CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3 (acetylacetonate, acac), in triesters of phosphoric acid, OP(OR)3, R=Me (trimethyl phosphate, TMP), Et (triethyl phosphat
PMID 25640684

Does boiling affect the bioaccessibility of selenium from cabbage?

Funes-Collado V1, Rubio R2, López-Sánchez JF3.
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Japanese Journal

Transparent Ultrahigh-Strength Moisture Barrier Film Fabricated by Lamination Process

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… Multilayer barrier films were fabricated by stacking multiple pairs of inorganic and organic layers on organic-treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates. … The inorganic and organic moisture barrier layers were prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and bar coating, respectively, at room temperature. … The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) through six pairs of inorganic/organic stacking layers can reach 2.1\times 10^{-5} g m-2 day-1. …
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Identification and characterization of a human mitochondrial NAD kinase.

Ohashi Kazuto,Kawai Shigeyuki,Murata Kousaku
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… The C5orf33 protein exhibits NAD kinase activity, utilizing ATP or inorganic polyphosphate, and is localized in the mitochondria of human HEK293A cells. …
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