(官能基やイオンを表して)正リン酸、オルトリン酸、(化合物)正リン酸塩、オルトリン酸塩

関: inorganic phosphate、orthophosphoric acid、phosphate、phosphoric acid、Pi

WordNet

a salt of phosphoric acid (同)orthophosphate, inorganic_phosphate
carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid

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〈U〉リン酸塩 / 《複数形で》リン酸肥料

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/14 18:16:24」(JST)

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A phosphate (PO₄³⁻) as an inorganic chemical is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.^[2] At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.

Chemical properties

This is the structural formula of the phosphoric acid functional group as found in weakly acidic aqueous solution. In more basic aqueous solutions, the group donates the two hydrogen atoms and ionizes as a phosphate group with a negative charge of 2. ^[3]

The phosphate ion is a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula PO₄³⁻ and a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol. It consists of one central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphate ion carries a negative-three formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO₄²⁻, which is the conjugate base of H₂PO₄⁻, the dihydrogen phosphate ion, which in turn is the conjugate base of H
3PO
4, phosphoric acid. A phosphate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many phosphates are not soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure. The sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and ammonium phosphates are all water-soluble. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. As a rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates. The pyrophosphates are mostly water-soluble.

Aqueous phosphate exists in four forms. In strongly basic conditions, the phosphate ion (PO₄³⁻) predominates, whereas in weakly basic conditions, the hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO₄²⁻) is prevalent. In weakly acid conditions, the dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄⁻) is most common. In strongly acidic conditions, trihydrogen phosphate (H
3PO
4) is the main form.

H

3PO

4 Phosphoric acid
H

2PO−

4 Dihydrogen phosphate
HPO2−
4 Hydrogen phosphate
PO3−
4 Phosphate

More precisely, considering these three equilibrium reactions:

H
3PO
4 H⁺ + H₂PO₄⁻

H₂PO₄⁻ H⁺ + HPO₄²⁻

HPO₄²⁻ H⁺ + PO₄³⁻

the corresponding constants at 25 °C (in mol/L) are (see phosphoric acid):

(pK_a1 2.12)

(pK_a2 7.21)

(pK_a3 12.67)

The speciation diagram obtained using these pK values shows three distinct regions. In effect, H
3PO
4, H
2PO−
4 and HPO2−
4 behave as separate weak acids. This is because the successive pK values differ by more than 4. For each acid, the pH at half-neutralization is equal to the pK value of the acid. The region in which the acid is in equilibrium with its conjugate base is defined by pH ≈ pK ± 2. Thus, the three pH regions are approximately 0–4, 5–9 and 10–14. This is idealized, as it assumes constant ionic strength, which will not hold in reality at very low and very high pH values.

For a neutral pH as in the cytosol, pH=7.0

so that only H
2PO−
4 and HPO2−
4 ions are present in significant amounts (62% H
2PO−
4, 38% HPO2−
4. Note that in the extracellular fluid (pH=7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% HPO2−
4, 39% H
2PO−
4).

Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate), P
2O4−
7, and triphosphate, P
3O5−
10. The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of PO−
3 and are found in many compounds.

Biochemistry of phosphates

In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted P_i and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO2−
4 and H
2PO−
4 ions.

Inorganic phosphate can be created by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, which is denoted PP_i:

P
2O4−
7 + H₂O 2 HPO2−
4

However, phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates, (AMP, ADP, and ATP) and in DNA and RNA, and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. They are generally referred to as high-energy phosphate, as are the phosphagens in muscle tissue. Compounds such as substituted phosphines have uses in organic chemistry, but do not seem to have any natural counterparts.

The addition and removal of phosphate from proteins in all cells is a pivotal strategy in the regulation of metabolic processes.

Reference ranges for blood tests, showing 'inorganic phosphorus' in purple at right, being almost identical to the molar concentration of phosphate

Phosphate is useful in animal cells as a buffering agent. Phosphate salts that are commonly used for preparing buffer solutions at cell pHs include Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, and the corresponding potassium salts.

An important occurrence of phosphates in biological systems is as the structural material of bone and teeth. These structures are made of crystalline calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. The hard dense enamel of mammalian teeth consists of fluoroapatite, an hydroxy calcium phosphate where some of the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by fluoride ions.

Plants take up phosphorus through several pathways: the arbuscular mycorrhizal pathway and the direct uptake pathway.

Occurrence and mining

Phosphate mine near Flaming Gorge, Utah, 2008

Train loaded with phosphate rock, Metlaoui, Tunisia, 2012

Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.^[2]

The largest phosphorite or rock phosphate deposits in North America lie in the Bone Valley region of central Florida, the Soda Springs region of Idaho, and the coast of North Carolina. Smaller deposits are located in Montana, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina near Charleston along Ashley Phosphate road. The small island nation of Nauru and its neighbor Banaba Island, which used to have massive phosphate deposits of the best quality, have been mined excessively. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Navassa Island, Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries.

Phosphorite mines are primarily found in:

North America: United States, especially Florida, with lesser deposits in North Carolina, Idaho, and Tennessee
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, mainly near Khouribga and Youssoufia; Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, and Western Sahara, at the town of Bu Craa
Middle East: Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq, at the town of Akashat, near the Jordanian border
Oceania: Australia, Makatea, Nauru, and Banaba Island

In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years.^[4] However, some scientists believed that a "peak phosphorus" will occur in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years."^[5] Reserves refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices, and, in 2012, the USGS estimated 71 billion tons of world reserves, while 0.19 billion tons were mined globally in 2011.^[6] Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of the average rock^[7] (while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%),^[8] and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3 * 10¹⁹ ton crust,^[9] albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves from being inventoried and cheaper to extract; if it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18,5 % phosphorus by weight and if phosphate rock contains around 20 % of these minerals, the average phosphate rock has roughly 3,7 % phosphorus by weight.

Some phosphate rock deposits are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. This syndrome is noteworthy because radioactivity can be released into surface waters^[10] in the process of application of the resultant phosphate fertilizer (e.g. in many tobacco farming operations in the southeast US).

In December 2012, Cominco Resources announced an updated JORC compliant resource of their Hinda project in Congo-Brazzaville of 531 Mt, making it the largest measured and indicated phosphate deposit in the world.^[11]

Ecology

Sea surface phosphate from the World Ocean Atlas

Relationship of phosphate to nitrate uptake for photosynthesis in various regions of the ocean. Note that nitrate is more often limiting than phosphate. See the Redfield ratio.

In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. This is generally true of freshwater environments, whereas nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient in marine (seawater) environments. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see eutrophication) can occur. In the context of pollution, phosphates are one component of total dissolved solids, a major indicator of water quality, but not all phosphorus is in a molecular form which algae can break down and consume.^[12]

Calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates can be found around bacteria in alluvial topsoil.^[13] As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates.^[13]

Phosphate deposits can contain significant amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Mining operations processing phosphate rock can leave tailings piles containing elevated levels of cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, chromium, and uranium. Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products.^[14]

In Germany, the use of uranium-contaminated standard phosphate fertilizers in farming has been linked to significantly raised uranium levels in drinking water.^[15] In some areas, it has led to recommendations to use bottled water, instead of tap water, to prepare food for babies and small children.

References

^ "Phosphates – PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center of Biotechnology Information.
^ ^a ^b "Phosphate Primer".
^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). Biology (Seventh ed.). San Francisco, California: Benjamin Cummings. p. 65. ISBN 0-8053-7171-0.
^ "How Long Will it Last?". New Scientist 194 (2605): 38–9. May 26, 2007. Bibcode:2007NewSc.194...38R. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61508-5. ISSN 0262-4079.
^ Leo Lewis (2008-06-23). "Scientists warn of lack of vital phosphorus as biofuels raise demand". The Times.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Phosphate Rock
^ U.S. Geological Survey Phosphorus Soil Samples
^ Floor Anthoni. "Abundance of Elements". Seafriends.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
^ American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #V33A-1161. Mass and Composition of the Continental Crust
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. "Water pollution". Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Mark McGinley and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
^ "Updated Hinda Resource Announcement: Now world’s largest phosphate deposit (04/12/2012)". Cominco Resources.
^ Hochanadel, Dave (December 10, 2010). "Limited amount of total phosphorus actually feeds algae, study finds". Lake Scientist. Retrieved June 10, 2012. [B]ioavailable phosphorus – phosphorus that can be utilized by plants and bacteria – is only a fraction of the total, according to Michael Brett, a UW engineering professor ...
^ ^a ^b Schmittner KE, Giresse P (1999). "Micro-environmental controls on biomineralization: superficial processes of apatite and calcite precipitation in Quaternary soils, Roussillon, France". Sedimentology 46 (3): 463–76. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00224.x.
^ Gnandil, K.; Tchangbedjil, G.; Killil, K.; Babal, G.; Abbel, E. (March 2006). "The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo". Mine Water and the Environment 25 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1007/s10230-006-0108-4.
^ "Hintergründe: Uran im Dünger". www.umweltinstitut.org. Retrieved 2013-01-10.

External links

US Minerals Databrowser provides data graphics covering consumption, production, imports, exports and price for phosphate and 86 other minerals
Taking Stock of Phosphorus and Biofuels, global phosphate mining, use and shortages.
Phosphate at Lab Tests Online
Phosphate: analyte monograph - The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine

UpToDate Contents

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4. 血液透析における水の浄化システム water purification systems in hemodialysis

English Journal

Conductance based sensing and analysis of soluble phosphates in wastewater.

Warwick C, Guerreiro A, Gomez-Caballero A, Wood E, Kitson J, Robinson J, Soares A.Author information Cranfield Water Sciences Institute, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.AbstractThe current standard method used for measuring soluble phosphate in environmental water samples is based on a colourimetric approach, developed in the early 1960s. In order to provide an alternative, label free sensing solution, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was designed to function as a phosphate receptor. A combination of functional monomer (N-allylthiourea), cross-linker and monomer/template ratios were optimised in order to maximise the binding capacity for phosphate. When produced in membrane format, the MIP's ability to produce a reversible change in conductance in the presence of phosphate was explored for fabrication of a sensor which was able to selectively detect the presence of phosphate compared to sulphate, nitrate and chloride. In wastewater samples the sensor had a limit of detection of 0.16 mg P/l, and a linear range between 0.66 and 8 mg P/l. This is below the minimum monitoring level (1 mg P/l) as required by current legislation for wastewater discharges, making the sensor as developed promising for direct quantification of phosphate in environmental monitoring applications.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Feb 15;52:173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.048. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
The current standard method used for measuring soluble phosphate in environmental water samples is based on a colourimetric approach, developed in the early 1960s. In order to provide an alternative, label free sensing solution, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was designed to function as a pho
PMID 24051435

Gene expression profile analysis of Ligon lintless-1 (Li1) mutant reveals important genes and pathways in cotton leaf and fiber development.

Ding M1, Jiang Y1, Cao Y1, Lin L2, He S1, Zhou W1, Rong J3.Author information 1School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China.2Nanosphere Inc., 4088 Commercial Drive, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA.3School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China. Electronic address: jkrong@yahoo.com.AbstractLigon lintless-1 (Li1) is a monogenic dominant mutant of Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) with a phenotype of impaired vegetative growth and short lint fibers. Despite years of research involving genetic mapping and gene expression profile analysis of Li1 mutant ovule tissues, the gene remains uncloned and the underlying pathway of cotton fiber elongation is still unclear. In this study, we report the whole genome-level deep-sequencing analysis of leaf tissues of the Li1 mutant. Differentially expressed genes in leaf tissues of mutant versus wild-type (WT) plants are identified, and the underlying pathways and potential genes that control leaf and fiber development are inferred. The results show that transcription factors AS2, YABBY5, and KANDI-like are significantly differentially expressed in mutant tissues compared with WT ones. Interestingly, several fiber development-related genes are found in the downregulated gene list of the mutant leaf transcriptome. These genes include heat shock protein family, cytoskeleton arrangement, cell wall synthesis, energy, H2O2 metabolism-related genes, and WRKY transcription factors. This finding suggests that the genes are involved in leaf morphology determination and fiber elongation. The expression data are also compared with the previously published microarray data of Li1 ovule tissues. Comparative analysis of the ovule transcriptomes of Li1 and WT reveals that a number of pathways important for fiber elongation are enriched in the downregulated gene list at different fiber development stages (0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18dpa). Differentially expressed genes identified in both leaf and fiber samples are aligned with cotton whole genome sequences and combined with the genetic fine mapping results to identify a list of candidate genes for Li1.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 10;535(2):273-85. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.017. Epub 2013 Nov 23.
Ligon lintless-1 (Li1) is a monogenic dominant mutant of Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) with a phenotype of impaired vegetative growth and short lint fibers. Despite years of research involving genetic mapping and gene expression profile analysis of Li1 mutant ovule tissues, the gene remains unc
PMID 24279997

Substrate geometry directs the in vitro mineralization of calcium phosphate ceramics.

Bianchi M1, Urquia Edreira ER2, Wolke JG2, Birgani ZT3, Habibovic P3, Jansen JA2, Tampieri A4, Marcacci M5, Leeuwenburgh SC2, van den Beucken JJ6.Author information 1Laboratory of NanoBiotechnology (NaBi), Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40139 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, 309 Dentistry, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.2Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, 309 Dentistry, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.3Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, University of Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.4Laboratory of Bioceramics and Bio-hybrid Composites, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.5Laboratory of NanoBiotechnology (NaBi), Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40139 Bologna, Italy.6Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, 309 Dentistry, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.vandenbeucken@dent.umcn.nl.AbstractRepetitive concavities on the surface of bone implants have recently been demonstrated to foster bone formation when implanted at ectopic locations in vivo. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface concavities on the surface mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics in vitro. Hemispherical concavities with different diameters were prepared at the surface of HA and β-TCP sintered disks: 1.8mm (large concavity), 0.8mm (medium concavity) and 0.4mm (small concavity). HA and β-TCP disks were sintered at 1100 or 1200°C and soaked in simulated body fluid for 28days at 37°C; the mineralization process was followed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and calcium quantification analyses. The results showed that massive mineralization occurred exclusively at the surface of HA disks treated at 1200°C and that nucleation of large aggregates of calcium phosphate started specifically inside small concavities instead of on the planar surface of the disks. Regarding the effect of concavity diameter size on surface mineralization, it was observed that small concavities induce 124- and 10-fold increased mineralization compared to concavities of large or medium size, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that (i) in vitro surface mineralization of calcium phosphate ceramics with surface concavities starts preferentially within the concavities and not on the planar surface, and (ii) concavity size is an effective parameter to control the spatial position and extent of mineralization in vitro.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2014 Feb;10(2):661-9. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.026. Epub 2013 Oct 31.
Repetitive concavities on the surface of bone implants have recently been demonstrated to foster bone formation when implanted at ectopic locations in vivo. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface concavities on the surface mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium ph
PMID 24184857

Japanese Journal

Precipitation Process of Calcium Phosphate from Calcium Carbonate Suspension

da Silva Nayane Macedo Portela,Espitalier Fabienne,Nzihou Ange
KONA Powder and Particle Journal advpub(0), 2016
… The Ca-HA is synthesized by reacting calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2PO4) in stoichiometric proportions. …
NAID 130005068880

Purification and properties of recombinant exopolyphosphatase PPN1 and effects of its overexpression on polyphosphate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Andreeva Nadeshda,Trilisenko Ludmila,Kulakovskaya Tatiana [他],Dumina Maria,Eldarov Michail
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 119(1), 52-56, 2015-01
… In contrast to the parent strains accumulating polyphosphate, the transformant accumulated orthophosphate under phosphate surplus. …
NAID 110009892233

Fabrication of calcium phosphate nanoparticles in a continuous flow tube reactor

FUJII Eiji,KAWABATA Koji,SHIROSAKI Yuki,HAYAKAWA Satoshi,OSAKA Akiyoshi
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 123(1435), 101-105, 2015
… The morphology, particle size, and specific surface area dependent on the pH and temperature of synthesis were discussed the relative stability of the relevant calcium phosphate phases and equilibrium relations among the orthophosphate ions. …
NAID 130004951107

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「phosphate」「オルトリン酸」「orthophosphoric acid」「inorganic phosphate」「オルトリン酸塩」
拡張検索	「pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase」

「phosphate」

Phosphate
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Phosphate
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	14265-44-2
Beilstein Reference	3903772
ChEBI	CHEBI:18367
ChemSpider	1032
Gmelin Reference	1997
	InChI InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3 ; Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K ;
Jmol-3D images	Image; Image; Image
MeSH	Phosphates
PubChem	1061
	SMILES [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ; [O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-] ; O=P([O-])([O-])[O-] ;
UNII	NK08V8K8HR
Properties
Chemical formula	PO43−
Molar mass	94.9714 g mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references