immunocompromised host

WordNet

1. be the host of or for; "We hosted 4 couples last night"
2. an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association
3. the owner or manager of an inn (同)innkeeper, boniface
4. archaic terms for army (同)legion
5. (medicine) recipient of transplanted tissue or organ from a donor
6. a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there
7. any organization that provides resources and facilities for a function or event; "Atlanta was chosen to be host for the Olympic Games"
8. a technical name for the bread used in the service of Mass or Holy Communion
9. unable to develop a normal immune response usually because of malnutrition or immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive therapy

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …‘を'包嚢(ほうのう)に包む / 包嚢(ほうのう)に包まれる
2. (…の)大群,大勢《+『of』+『名』》(multitude)
3. (客を接待する)『主人』,『主人役』;(…の)主人[役]《+『to』+『名』》 / (旅館の)主人 / 寄生動(植)物の宿主 / 〈晩餐会など〉‘の'主人役を務める,‘を'主催する
4. ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
5. 娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）
6. ホスチア,聖餐式のパン,聖体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/19 12:35:37」(JST)

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Immune deficiency
Classification and external resources
Specialty	hematology
ICD-10	D84.9
ICD-9-CM	279.3
DiseasesDB	21506
Patient UK	Immunodeficiency
MeSH	D007153

Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also decrease cancer immunosurveillance. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. Transplant patients take medications to suppress their immune system as an anti-rejection measure, as do some patients suffering from an over-active immune system. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone.

Types

By affected component

• Humoral immune deficiency, with signs or symptoms depending on the cause, but generally include signs of hypogammaglobulinemia (decrease of one or more types of antibodies) with presentations including repeated mild respiratory infections, and/or agammaglobulinemia (lack of all or most antibody production) which results in frequent severe infections and is often fatal.
• T cell deficiency, often causes secondary disorders such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
• Granulocyte deficiency, including decreased numbers of granulocytes (called as granulocytopenia or, if absent, agranulocytosis) such as of neutrophil granulocytes (termed neutropenia). Granulocyte deficiencies also include decreased function of individual granulocytes, such as in chronic granulomatous disease.
• Asplenia, where there is no function of the spleen
• Complement deficiency is where the function of the complement system is deficient

In reality, immunodeficiency often affects multiple components, with notable examples including severe combined immunodeficiency (which is primary) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (which is secondary).

Comparison of immunodeficiencies by affected component

	Affected components	Main causes	Main pathogens of resultant infections
Humoral immune deficiency	B cells, plasma cells or antibodies	Primary humoral Multiple myeloma Chronic lymphoid leukemia AIDS	Streptococcus pneumoniae Hemophilus influenzae Pneumocystis jirovecii Giardia intestinalis Cryptosporidium parvum
T cell deficiency	T cells	Marrow and other transplantation AIDS Cancer chemotherapy Lymphoma Glucocorticoid therapy	Intracellular pathogens, including Herpes simplex virus, Mycobacterium, Listeria, and intracellular fungal infections.
Neutropenia	Neutrophil granulocytes	Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplantation Dysfunction, such as chronic granulomatous disease	Enterobacteriaceae Oral Streptococci Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterococcus species Candida species Aspergillus species
Asplenia	Spleen	Splenectomy Trauma Sickle-cell anemia	Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, particularly: Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitidis Plasmodium species Babesia species
Complement deficiency	Complement system	Congenital deficiencies	Neisseria species Streptococcus pneumoniae

Primary or secondary

Distinction between primary versus secondary immunodeficiencies are based on, respectively, whether the cause originates in the immune system itself or is, in turn, due to insufficiency of a supporting component of it or an external decreasing factor of it.

Primary immunodeficiency

Main article: Primary immunodeficiency

A number of rare diseases feature a heightened susceptibility to infections from childhood onward. Primary Immunodeficiency is also known as congenital immunodeficiencies. Many of these disorders are hereditary and are autosomal recessive or X-linked. There are over 80 recognised primary immunodeficiency syndromes; they are generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as lymphocytes or granulocytes.

The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics and (in some cases) stem cell transplantation.

Secondary immunodeficiencies

Further information: Immunosuppression

Secondary immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired immunodeficiencies, can result from various immunosuppressive agents, for example, malnutrition, aging and particular medications (e.g. chemotherapy, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, glucocorticoids). For medications, the term immunosuppression generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term immunodeficiency generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection.

Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression. This includes many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma), and certain chronic infections. Immunodeficiency is also the hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.

Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity

There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation.

One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example. Pancytopenia, rashes, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible. In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils. Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegenr’s disease) and NK/T cell lymphomas. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g. hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

Management

Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is useful in those who are immunocompromised.

See also

• Susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy
• Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis Immunodeficient mice can be used in cancer studies.

References

External links

• Immune Deficiency Foundation
• The European Society of Immunodeficiencies Biennial Meeting
• The European Society of Immunodeficiencies

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 免疫不全症の内科的マネージメント medical management of immunodeficiency
• 2. 高熱および肺浸潤を有する免疫不全患者へのアプローチ approach to the immunocompromised patient with fever and pulmonary infiltrates
• 3. 免疫系の臨床検査評価 laboratory evaluation of the immune system
• 4. 非HIV免疫不全ホストにおける高熱および発疹の感染性原因 infectious causes of fever and rash in non hiv immunocompromised hosts
• 5. 薬剤および生物学的製剤治療による二次性免疫不全症 secondary immunodeficiency induced by drugs and biologic therapies

English Journal

• Cell phenotypic change due to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunocompetent mice.

• Codices V, Martins C, Novo C, Pinho M, de Sousa B, Lopes A, Borrego M, Matos O.SourceUnidade de Parasitologia Médica, Grupo de Protozoários Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Protozoários, CMDT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
• Acta parasitologica / Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Warszawa, Poland.Acta Parasitol.2013 Mar;58(1):70-9. doi: 10.2478/s11686-013-0113-2. Epub 2013 Feb 2.
• Cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular parasite causing enteritis which can become life-threatening in immunocompromised host. Immunoregulatory T cells play a central role in the regulatory network of the host. Here, we proposed to characterize the populations of immune cells during infection an
• PMID 23377915

• Peptide inhibitors against herpes simplex virus infections.

• Galdiero S, Falanga A, Tarallo R, Russo L, Galdiero E, Cantisani M, Morelli G, Galdiero M.SourceDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy; Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy.
• Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society.J Pept Sci.2013 Feb 7. doi: 10.1002/psc.2489. [Epub ahead of print]
• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a significant human pathogen causing mucocutaneous lesions primarily in the oral or genital mucosa. Although acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogs provide successful treatment, HSV remains highly prevalent worldwide and is a major cofactor for the spread of hum
• PMID 23389903

Japanese Journal

• 手術により制御できた若年者の側頭骨骨髄炎例

• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 109(2), 83-88, 2016
• NAID 130005121759

• <i>Scedosporium prolificans</i> Endocarditis: Case Report and Literature Review

• Internal Medicine 55(1), 79-82, 2016
• NAID 130005116803

• 深在性真菌感染症 (特集 小児感染症2015 : 小児感染症のマネージメント) -- (小児感染症のマネージメント)

• 小児科臨床 68(12), 2535-2541, 2015-12
• NAID 40020652460

Related Links

• Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Practice ...

An immunocompromised host is a patient who does not have the ability to respond normally to an infection due to an impaired or weakened immune system. This inability to fight infection can be caused by a number of ...

• Immunocompromised host | definition of ...

immunocompromised host an individual whose immune response is weakened as a result of an immunodeficiency disorder or exposure to immunosuppressive drugs or irradiation. im·mu·no·com·pro·mised host (im'yū-nō ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「encyst」「免疫低下宿主」
関連記事	「host」「immunocompromised」

「encyst」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 包嚢に包む

active infection in the immunocompromised host is most likely to be due to the spontaneous release of encysted parasites that undergo rapid transformation into tachyzoites within the CNS.(HIM.1305)(免疫不全宿主における活動性の感染は中枢神経内の急増虫体への急激な転換を経た嚢胞寄生虫の自発的な放出によるとするのがもっともらしい)

• vi.

• 包嚢に包まれる

　

「免疫低下宿主」

　　[★]

英

immunocompromised host

関

免疫低下患者

「host」

　　[★]

• 宿主、ホスト

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「immunocompromised」

　　[★]

• 免疫無防備状態の