WordNet

remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals
of or relating to the hyoid bone
a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles (同)hyoid_bone, os_hyoideum

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/18 20:58:42」(JST)

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The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (/ˈhaɪɔɪd/;^[2]^[3] Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind.

Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind.

Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning "shaped like the letter upsilon" (υ).

Segments[edit]

The bone consists of a central part, called the body and two pairs of cornua, the greater cornu and the lesser cornu.

Body of hyoid
Greater cornu (2)
Lesser cornu (2)

Embryology[edit]

The second pharyngeal arch gives rise to the lesser cornu of hyoid and the superior part of body of hyoid. The cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch forms the greater cornu of hyoid and the lower portion of the body of hyoid.

Ossification[edit]

The hyoid is ossified from six centers: two for the body, and one for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of fetal life, in the body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age the connection between the body and greater cornu is fibrous.

Muscle attachments[edit]

The following muscles are attached to the hyoid:

Superior

Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle

Inferior

Thyrohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle

Function[edit]

The hyoid bone is present in many mammals. It allows a wider range of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal movements by bracing these structures alongside each other in order to produce variation.^[4] Its descent in living creatures is not unique to Homo sapiens, and does not allow the production of a wide range of sounds: with a lower larynx, men do not produce a wider range of sounds than women and 2 year old babies. Moreover the larynx position of Neanderthal was not a handicap to producing speech sounds.^[5] The discovery of a modern-looking hyoid bone of a Neanderthal man in the Kebara Cave in Israel led its discoverers to argue that the Neanderthals had a descended larynx, and thus human-like speech capabilities.^[6] However, other researchers have claimed that the morphology of the hyoid is not indicative of the larynx's position.^[7] It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.^[8]^[9]

Fracture and applied anatomy[edit]

Due to its position, the hyoid bone is not susceptible to easy fracture. In a suspected case of murder, a fractured hyoid strongly indicates throttling or strangulation. However this is not the case in children and adolescents, where the hyoid bone is still flexible as ossification is yet to be completed.

In other animals[edit]

The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle, and is often referred to as the hyoid arch. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue.^[10] The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia.

The hyoid bone of a gecko with attached tracheal rings

Hyoid bones of various birds.

Gallery[edit]

Position of hyoid bone (shown in red).

Shape of hyoid bone.

Larynx

Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old, with Meckel's cartilage and hyoid bone exposed.

Muscles of the pharynx and cheek.

Muscles of the neck. Lateral view.

The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side.

The ligaments of the larynx. Antero-lateral view.

Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.

Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.

The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind.

Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Left side.

The thyroid gland and its relations.

Front view of neck.

Hyoid bone

Muscles, nerves and arteries of neck.Deep dissection. Anterior view.

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

^ hednk-023 — Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
^ Entry "hyoid" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
^ http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/12/6930 Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants
^ Boë, L.J. et al. The potential of Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans. Journal of Phonetics 30 (2002) 465–484.
^ Arsenburg, B. et al., A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle Paleolithic hominids, in: American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 83 (1990), pp. 137–146.
^ Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 (http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/fitch00speech.pdf)
^ Granat et al., Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo. Estimated position by biometrics, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 243–255.
^ Boë, L.J. et al., Variation and prediction of the hyoid bone position for modern Man and Neanderthal, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 257–271
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 214. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

Sources[edit]

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyoid bones.

SUNY Labs 25:03-0101—"Anterior Triangle of the Neck: The Muscular Triangle"
Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, at Elsevier 25420.000-1
lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (larynxskel1)
Mnemonic:Muscles attached

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「舌骨」「os hyoideum」
関連記事	「bone」

「舌骨」

Hyoid bone
	Hyoid bone. Anterior surface. Enlarged.
	Anterolateral view of head and neck.
Latin	os hyoideum
Gray's	subject #45 177
Precursor	2nd and 3rd branchial arch
MeSH	Hyoid+Bone
TA	A02.1.16.001
FMA	FMA:52749

　　[★]

英: hyoid bone
ラ: os hyoideum
関: 喉頭軟骨、舌筋群

「os hyoideum」

　　[★]

舌骨

関: hyoid bone

「bone」

　　[★] 骨　　　　　　

[1] hednk-023 — Embryo Images at University of North Carolina

[2] OED 2nd edition, 1989.

[3] Entry "hyoid" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

[4] ttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/12/6930 Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants

[5] Boë, L.J. et al. The potential of Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans. Journal of Phonetics 30 (2002) 465–484.

[6] Arsenburg, B. et al., A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle Paleolithic hominids, in: American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 83 (1990), pp. 137–146.

[7] Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 (http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/fitch00speech.pdf)

[8] Granat et al., Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo. Estimated position by biometrics, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 243–255.

[9] Boë, L.J. et al., Variation and prediction of the hyoid bone position for modern Man and Neanderthal, Biom. Hum. et Anthropolol., 2006, 24, 3-4, 257–271

[VB-10] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 214. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

Hyoid bone

Hyoid bone. Anterior surface. Enlarged.

Anterolateral view of head and neck.
Latin	os hyoideum
Gray's	subject #45 177
Precursor	2nd and 3rd branchial arch^[1]
MeSH	Hyoid+Bone
TA	A02.1.16.001
FMA	FMA:52749

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案内

hyoid bone