WordNet

equip (a horse) with a horseshoe or horseshoes
U-shaped plate nailed to underside of horses hoof (同)shoe
game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes
either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine; "urine passes out of the kidney through ureters to the bladder"

PrepTutorEJDIC

てい鉄;馬てい形のもの / 〈馬〉‘に'てい鉄をつける
腎臓;(食品としての)羊(豚など)の腎臓 / 《文》気質,性質,たち(nature)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/17 14:38:34」(JST)

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Horseshoe kidney, also known as ren arcuatus (in Latin), renal fusion or super kidney, is a congenital disorder affecting about 1 in 500 people.^[1]

In this disorder, the patient's kidneys fuse together to form a horseshoe-shape during development in the womb. The fused part is the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney.

Fusion abnormalities of the kidney can be categorized into two groups: horseshoe kidney and crossed fused ectopia. The 'horseshoe kidney' is the most common renal fusion anomaly.

Presentation [edit]

Axial CT image of the abdomen showing a horseshoe kidney.

In patients with this condition, the central portion of the kidney may be found just inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery because the normal embryologic ascent of the kidneys is arrested by its presence in people with central fusion of the kidneys.^[2] Horseshoe kidney is often asymptomatic, though persons affected by this condition may experience nausea, abdominal discomfort, kidney stones and urinary tract infections at greater frequency than those without renal fusion. There is currently no cure for renal fusion other than symptomatic treatment. People with a horseshoe kidney must drink lots of water (more than most people), to keep from having a kidney stone or other symptoms from happening.^{[citation needed]}

Associated conditions [edit]

IVP showing Horseshoe kidney

While most cases of horseshoe kidneys are asymptomatic and discovered upon autopsy, the condition may increase the risk for:

Kidney obstruction – abnormal placement of ureter may lead to obstruction and dilation of the kidney.
Kidney infections – associated with vesicoureteral reflux.
Kidney stones – deviant orientation of kidneys combined with slow urine flow and kidney obstruction may lead to kidney stones.
Kidney cancer – increased risk of renal cancer, especially Wilms' tumor, transitional cell carcinoma, and an occasional case report of carcinoid tumor.^[3] Despite increased risk, the overall risk is still relatively low.

The prevalence of horseshoe kidneys in females with Turner Syndrome is about 15%.^[4]

It can be associated with trisomy 18.^[5]

Notable persons with this condition [edit]

Both Robert Rowan and Mel Gibson are affected with this condition.^[6] Sam Kinison, a popular American comedian, also had this condition. ^[7]

External links [edit]

Stanford Hospital Article
Urology Health

References [edit]

^ Gupta M, Pandey AK, Goyal N (2007). "Horseshoe kidney – a case report". Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ 9 (1): 63–6. PMID 17593682.
^ Oktem H, Gozil R, Calguner E, et al (2008). "Morphometric study of a horseshoe kidney". Med Princ Pract 17 (1): 80–83. doi:10.1159/000109596. PMID 18059107.
^ de Hoog JP, Murray S and Chou W (2010). Horseshoe kidney and primary renal carcinoid tumour: a case report of a rare entity. Grand Rounds 10 46–50 grandrounds-e-med.com
^ Kleta R, Brämswig JH (2000). "Horseshoe kidney and Turner syndrome". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15 (7): 1094. doi:10.1093/ndt/15.7.1094-b. PMID 10862660.
^ "Renal Pathology". Retrieved 2008-11-26.
^ youtube.com
^ http://www.autopsyfiles.org

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 異所性および癒合性異常腎 renal ectopic and fusion anomalies
2. 先天性腎尿路異常（CAKUT）の概要 overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract cakut
3. 先天性腎尿路異常（CAKUT）の評価 evaluation of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract cakut
4. 腹部大動脈瘤の血管内修復 endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm
5. 婦人科外科手術における尿路損傷：予防 urinary tract injury in gynecologic surgery prevention

English Journal

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome Accompanied by Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Mermerkaya M, Burgu B, Hamidi N, Yüksel S, Ozçakar ZB, Sertçelik A, Yalçnkaya F, Soygür T.SourceDepartments of *Urology †Pathology ‡Pediatric Nephrology, University of Ankara, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol.2012 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser anomaly originates from agenesis of the Müllerian duct including agenesis of the uterus and the vagina because of abnormal development of the uterine ducts. This syndrome may be accompanied by the upper urinary tract anomalies such as unilateral renal agenesis, ectop
PMID 23042009

Morphological observation of a horseshoe (fused) kidney and its vascular pattern in a horse.

Shojaei B, Kheirandish R, Azizi S.SourceDepartment of Basic sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2012 Oct;41(5):388-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01141.x. Epub 2012 Feb 22.
The present study describes the anatomical and microscopic features of a horseshoe kidney that was found in a 7-year-old male horse. The specimen consisted of two kidneys joined at their caudal poles by an isthmus composed of renal parenchyma and situated caudal to the caudal mesenteric artery. Six
PMID 22356458

Japanese Journal

馬蹄腎に合併した腎盂尿路上皮癌の1例

松下慎,岡田宜之,川村憲彦 [他]
泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 59(8), 523-526, 2013-08
NAID 40019758051

馬蹄腎に合併した腎盂尿路上皮癌の1例

松下慎,岡田宜之,川村憲彦,氏家剛,任幹夫,辻畑正雄
泌尿器科紀要 59(8), 523-526, 2013-08
… Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a horseshoe kidney and renal pelvic tumor in the left kidney. … To our knowledge, in Japan, this is the 33th case of renal pelvic tumor in a horseshoe kidney. …
NAID 120005322754

Renal cell carcinoma arising from a horseshoe kidney in a chronic hemodialysis patient

MIYAZAKI Yasumasa,MIYAJIMA Akira,MAEDA Takahiro,ITO Yujiro,TANAKA Nobuyuki,KOSAKA Takeo,MASUDA Aya,MIZUNO Ryuichi,KIKUCHI Eiji,NAKAGAWA Ken,OYA Mototsugu
Clinical and experimental nephrology 16(4), 647-651, 2012-08-01
NAID 10031058402