WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
take greedily; take more than ones share
a sheep up to the age of one year; one yet to be sheared (同)hogget, hogg
domestic swine (同)pig, grunter, squealer, Sus_scrofa
a person regarded as greedy and pig-like (同)pig
an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food (同)Asiatic cholera, Indian cholera, epidemic cholera

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
《米》豚 / (食肉用に)去勢した雄豚 / どん欲な人 / 〈物〉‘を'むさぼる,ひとり占めにする
ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）
コレラ
《まれ》かんしゃく,怒気

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/18 12:41:39」(JST)

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Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word Schweinepest) is a highly contagious disease of pigs, wild boar, and collared peccaries.^[1]

Clinical Signs

Swine fever causes fever, skin lesions, convulsions and usually (particularly in young animals) death within 15 days.

The signs are indistinguishable from those of African swine fever.

Epidemiology

The disease is endemic in much of Asia, Central and South America, and parts of Europe and Africa. It was believed to have been eradicated in the United Kingdom by 1966 (according to the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs), but an outbreak occurred in East Anglia in 2000. It was eradicated in the USA by 1978, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.

Other regions believed free of CSF include Australia, Canada (1962), Ireland, New Zealand and Scandinavia.

Virus

Pinpoint hemorrhages on the kidneys are characteristic of classical swine fever

The infectious agent responsible is a virus CSFV (previously called hog cholera virus) of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae.^[1]^[2] CSFV is closely related to the ruminant pestiviruses that cause Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVDV) and Border Disease (BDV).^[3]

The effect of different CSFV strains varies widely, leading to a wide range of clinical signs. Highly virulent strains correlate with acute, obvious disease and high mortality, including neurological signs and hemorrhages within the skin.

Less virulent strains can give rise to subacute or chronic infections that may escape detection, while still causing abortions and stillbirths. In these cases herds in high-risk areas are usually serologically tested on a thorough statistical basis.

Infected piglets born to infected but subclinical sows help maintain the disease within a population. Other signs can include lethargy, fever, immunosuppression, chronic diarrhoea and secondary respiratory infections. The incubation period of CSF ranges from 2 to 14 days, but clinical signs may not be apparent until after 2 to 3 weeks. Preventive State Regulations usually assume 21 days as the outside limit of the incubation period. Animals with an acute infection can survive 2 to 3 months before their eventual death.

Eradicating CSF is problematic. Current programmes revolve around rapid detection, diagnosis and slaughter. This may possibly be followed by emergency vaccination (ATCvet codes: QI09AA06 for the inactivated viral vaccine, QI09AD04 for the live vaccine). Vaccination is only used where the virus is widespread in the domestic pig population and/or in wild or feral pigs. In the latter case a slaughter policy alone is usually impracticable. Possible sources for maintaining and introducing infection include the wide transport of pigs and pork products, as well as endemic CSF within wild boar and feral pig populations.

Diagnosis

Direct immunofluorescence—detection of virus in histological edges
Indirect immunofluorescence—detection of specific antibodies from sera
ELISA
Histology of the brain shows vasculo-endothelial proliferation and peri-vascular cuffing (cuffing is highly suggestive when accompanied by other signs but is not pathonomonic for the disease).

References

^ ^a ^b Classical Swine Fever, The Center for Food Security and Public Health / The Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, update September 2009.
^ http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/3945.html^{[dead link]}
^ Rumenapf and Thiel (2008). "Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Classical swine fever.

CSF page of Pig Disease Information Centre (UK)
CSF page of World Organisation for Animal Health
European Commission Animal Health & Welfare on CSF
The Institute of Virology (Hannover) Reference Laboratory for CSF
Department for Environment Food and Rurual Affairs (UK) on CSF
International Veterinary Training talks about CSF
The USDA's APHIS on CSF
The Pig Site talks about swine fevers
Vetgate CSF notes & resources
Animal viruses

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Enhanced expression of the E(rns) protein of classical swine fever virus in yeast and its application in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.

Luo Y1, Li L1, Austermann-Busch S2, Dong M3, Xu J1, Shao L1, Lei J1, Li N3, He WR1, Zhao B1, Li S1, Li Y1, Liu L4, Becher P2, Sun Y5, Qiu HJ6.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2015 Sep 15;222:22-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 May 21.
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is a devastating disease of swine worldwide. Although a mandatory vaccination with the modified live vaccine C-strain has been implemented in China for decades, CSF remains a serious threat to the swine industry. To facilitat
PMID 26005003

Treatment with interferon-alpha delays disease in swine infected with a highly virulent CSFV strain.

Fernandez-Sainz I1, Ramanathan P2, O'Donnell V3, Diaz-San Segundo F4, Velazquez-Salinas L5, Sturza DF6, Zhu J7, de Los Santos T8, Borca MV9.
Virology.Virology.2015 Sep;483:284-90. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.04.024. Epub 2015 May 21.
Interferon-alpha (IFNα) can effectively inhibit or abort a viral infection within the host. It has been reported that IFN induction and production is hindered during classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. Most of those studies have been performed in vitro, making it difficult to elucidate th
PMID 26004252

Generation and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant pseudorabies virus variant expressing the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus in pigs.

Wang Y1, Yuan J1, Cong X1, Qin HY1, Wang CH1, Li Y1, Li S1, Luo Y1, Sun Y2, Qiu HJ2.
Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI.Clin Vaccine Immunol.2015 Aug 26. pii: CVI.00383-15. [Epub ahead of print]
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Pseudorabies (PR), which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is another important infectious disease of pigs and other animals. Co-infections of pigs with PRV and CSFV
PMID 26311244

Japanese Journal

Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Infected Pigs from Vaccinated Pigs Using Antibody-Detecting Sandwich ELISA

CHEN Tsu-Han,LEE Fan,LIN Yeou-Liang,DEKKER Aldo,CHUNG Wen-Bin,PAN Chu-Hsiang,JONG Ming-Hwa,HUANG Chin-Cheng,LEE Ming-Chang,TSAI Hsiang-Jung
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1103250472, 2011
… The presence of serum antibodies for non-structural proteins of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can differentiate FMDV-infected animals from vaccinated animals. … Furthermore, the absence of cross-reactions generated by different antibody titers against the swine vesicular disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was also highlighted in this assays specificity. …
NAID 130000676926

Development of a Chromatographic Strip Assay for Detection of Porcine Antibodies to 3ABC Non-Structural Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O

CHEN Tsu-Han,PAN Chu-Hsiang,JONG Ming-Hwa,LIN Hsiu-Min,HUANG Yu-Liang,HSIUNG Kuang-Pin,CHAO Parn-Hwa,LEE Fan
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71(6), 703-708, 2009
… A chromatographic strip assay was developed for rapid detection of serum antibodies to non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. …
NAID 130000134391