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a macrophage that is found in connective tissue

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/09 05:23:40」(JST)

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A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage^[1]^[2] or a dendritic cell^[3] (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning tissue, and cyte, meaning cell).

Terminology

Histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem cell. The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes. They circulate through the body and enter various organs, where they undergo differentiation into histiocytes, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS).

However, the term histiocyte has been used for multiple purposes in the past, and some cells called "histocytes" do not appear to derive from monocytic-macrophage lines.^[4] (The term Histiocyte can also simply refer to a cell from monocyte origin outside the blood system, such as in a tissue (as in rheumatoid arthritis as palisading histiocytes surrounding fibrinoid necrosis of rheumatoid nodules).

Some sources consider Langerhans cell derivatives to be histiocytes.^[5] The Langerhans cell histiocytosis embeds this interpretation into its name.

Morphology and diversity

Histiocytes have common histological and immunophenotypical characteristics (demonstrated by immunostains). Their cytoplasm is eosinophilic and contains variable amounts of lysosomes. They bear membrane receptors for opsonins, such as IgG and the fragment C3b of complement. They express LCAs (leucocyte common antigens) CD45, CD14, CD33, and CD4 (also expressed by T Helper Cells).

Macrophages and dendritic cells

These histiocytes are part of the immune system by way of two distinct functions: phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Phagocytosis is the main process of macrophages and antigen presentation the main property of dendritic cells (so called because of their star-like cytoplasmic processes).

Macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from common bone marrow precursor cells that have undergone different differentiation (as histiocytes) under the influence of various environmental (tissue location) and growth factors such as GM-CSF, TNF and IL-4. The various categories of histocytes are distinguishable by their morphology, phenotype, and size.

Macrophages are highly variable in size and morphology, their cytoplasm contains numerous acid phosphatase laden lysosomes - in relation to their specialised phagocytic function. They express CD68.
Dendritic cells have an indented (bean-shaped) nucleus and cytoplasm with thin processes (dendritic). Their main activity is antigen presentation; they express Factor XIIIa, CD1c, and Class II Human leukocyte antigens.

Langerhans cells

A subset of cells differentiates into Langerhans cells; this maturation occurs in the squamous epithelium, lymph nodes, spleen, and bronchiolar epithelium. Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells but have undergone further differentiation. Skin Langerhans cells express CD1a, as do cortical thymocytes (cells of the cortex of the thymus gland). They also express S-100, and their cytoplasm contains tennis-racket like ultra-structural inclusions called Birbeck granules.

Disorders

Histiocytoses describe neoplasias wherein the proliferative cell is the histiocyte.

The most common histiocyte disorders are Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.^[6]

References

^ histiocyte at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ WordNet Search - 3.0
^ Chorro, L; Geissmann, F (Dec 2010). "Development and homeostasis of 'resident' myeloid cells: the case of the Langerhans cell". Trends Immunol. 31 (12): 438–45. doi:10.1016/j.it.2010.09.003.
^ "S12C3-Granuloma". Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Cline M (1994). "Histiocytes and histiocytosis". Blood. 84 (9): 2840–53. PMID 7524755.
^ Webb DK (October 1996). "Histiocyte disorders". Br. Med. Bull. 52 (4): 818–25. PMID 9039734.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ランゲルハンス細胞組織球症の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of langerhans cell histiocytosis
2. びまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫の疫学、臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of diffuse large b cell lymphoma
3. ランゲルハンス細胞組織球症の治療 treatment of langerhans cell histiocytosis
4. 肺ランゲルハンス細胞組織球症 pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis
5. 末梢性T細胞性リンパ腫分類不能型の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of peripheral t cell lymphoma not otherwise specified

English Journal

Non-marrow hematopoiesis occurs in a hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system in mice.

Hwang S1, Lee SJ, Park SH, Chitteti BR, Srour EF, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE, Kwon BS.
Stem cells and development.Stem Cells Dev.2014 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]
A hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system (HAR-NDS) was found on the surface of internal organs of mice, and inside their blood and lymph vessels. The nodes (HAR-N) were filled with immune cells of the innate system and were especially enriched with mast cells and histiocytes. They also contained
PMID 24914588

Autoimmune Aquaporin-4 Myopathy in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum.

Guo Y1, Lennon VA2, Popescu BF3, Grouse CK4, Topel J4, Milone M1, Lassmann H5, Parisi JE2, Pittock SJ2, Stefoski D4, Balabanov R4, Lucchinetti CF1.
JAMA neurology.JAMA Neurol.2014 Jun 9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.775. [Epub ahead of print]
IMPORTANCE Documentation of muscle pathology compatible with targeting of sarcolemmal aquaporin-4 (AQP4) by complement-activating IgG implies involvement of organs beyond the central nervous system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. OBSERVATIONS We report on a 51-year-old woman who had rela
PMID 24911400

Clinical and Microscopic Characteristics of Canine Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Banovic F1, Olivry T1, Bazzle L2, Tobias JR3, Atlee B4, Zabel S5, Hensel N5, Linder KE6.
Veterinary pathology.Vet Pathol.2014 Jun 6. pii: 0300985814537530. [Epub ahead of print]
Canine toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN), a rare and life-threatening cutaneous drug reaction, traditionally has been described as full-thickness devitalization of the epidermis with minimal dermal inflammation; however, few reports detail the histologic findings. We characterize the clinical features
PMID 24907312

Japanese Journal

Neutrophilic Granulocytic Sarcoma and Acute Basophilic Leukemia in Cattle

SEKIGUCHI Maki,YAMAURA Saori,OIZUMI Takuya,SHIBAHARA Tomoyuki,ISHIKAWA Yoshiharu,KADOTA Koichi
Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 53(1), 51-57, 2019
… In case 1, the tumor mass was composed of agranular cells and more mature cells with eosinophilic granules staining positive for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (CAE) and macrophage, myeloid/histiocyte antigen (clone MAC387). …
NAID 130007584072

結節性リンパ球優位型ホジキンリンパ腫 : 臨床病理学的特徴と本邦報告例での知見

浅野直子
血液内科 = Hematology 74(1), 116-120, 2017-01
NAID 40021065743

Miliary Tuberculosis in a Young Woman with Hemophagocytic Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

Asaji Mina,Yoshimatsu Yuki,Tsuruno Kosuke,Ide Hiromi,Miyajima Hiroyuki,Ebi Noriyuki,Tobino Kazunori,Murakami Koujin,Goto Yuki,Sueyasu Takuto,Nishizawa Saori,Yoshimine Kohei,Munechika Miyuki,Ko Yuki
Internal Medicine 56(12), 1591-1596, 2017
… In addition, a bone marrow biopsy showed marked histiocyte hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis, and a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture grew <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. …
NAID 130006856813