出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/02/26 22:09:24」(JST)
This article describes extreme locations on Earth. Entries listed in bold are Earth-wide extremes.
Continent | Elevation (height above/below sea level)A | Air Temperature (recorded)[1]B | |||
Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | ||
Africa | 5,893 m (19,334 ft) Kilimanjaro, Tanzania[2] |
−155 m (−509 ft) Lake Assal, Djibouti[3] |
55 °C (131 °F) Kebili, Tunisia |
−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane, Morocco |
|
Antarctica | 4,892 m (16,050 ft) Vinson Massif[4] |
−50 m (−164 ft)[5] Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills |
15 °C (59 °F) Vanda Station |
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station |
|
Asia | 8,848 m (29,029 ft) Mount Everest, China-Nepal Border [6] |
−424 m (−1,391 ft) Dead Sea shore, Israel - West Bank - Jordan[7] |
54 °C (129 °F) Tirat Zvi, Israel (then in the British Mandate of Palestine) |
−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Measured Verkhoyansk, Siberia, Russia (then in the Russian Empire) |
|
−71.2 °C (−96.2 °F) Extrapolated Oymyakon, Siberia, Russia (then in the Soviet Union) |
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Europe | 5,642 m (18,510 ft) Mount Elbrus, Russian Federation |
−28 m (−92 ft) Caspian Sea shore, Russian Federation |
48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Athens, Greece |
−58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust-Shchuger, Russian Federation |
|
North America | 6,168 m (20,236 ft) Mount McKinley (Denali), Alaska, U.S.A.[11] |
−86 m (−282 ft) Death Valley, California, U.S.A. |
56.7 °C (134.1 °F) Death Valley, California, U.S.A. |
−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon, Canada |
|
Oceania (including Australia) |
4,884 m (16,024 ft) Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Indonesia |
−15 m (−49 ft) Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia[14] |
50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia |
−23 °C (−9 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia |
|
South America | 6,962 m (22,841 ft) Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina[15] |
−105 m (−344 ft) Laguna del Carbón, Argentina[16] |
48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Rivadavia, Salta Province, Argentina |
−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Argentina |
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Hottest inhabited place | Dallol, Ethiopia, whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as 34.4 °C (93.9 °F).[22] The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F).[23] |
Coldest inhabited place | Oymyakon (Russian: Оймякон), a village (selo) in Oymyakonsky Ulus of the Sakha Republic, the Russian Federation, located along the Indigirka River.[24] It has the coldest monthly mean with −50 °C (−58 °F) the average temperature in January, the coldest month.[25] Eureka, Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).[26] |
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants. |
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[27] A ground temperature of 84 °C has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[28] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[29] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[30]
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009.) These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[27]
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−136 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C.[31][32]
Greatest purely vertical drop |
1,250 m (4,101 ft) |
Greatest nearly vertical drop |
1,340 m (4,396 ft) |
Deepest mine | 4,000 m (13,123 ft) Mponeng Gold mine, South Africa |
Deepest mine under sea level | 2,733 m (8,967 ft) under sea level Kidd Mine, Ontario, Canada |
Deepest open-pit mine | 1,200 m (3,937 ft) Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, USA |
Deepest open-pit mine under sea level | 293 m (961 ft) under sea level Tagebau Hambach, Germany |
Deepest cave | 2,193 m (7,195 ft) Voronya Cave, Arabika Massif, Georgia |
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop) | 603 m (1,978 ft) Vrtoglavica Cave, Slovenia |
Atlantic Ocean | 8,648 m (28,373 ft) Milwaukee Deep, Puerto Rico Trench |
Arctic Ocean | 5,450 m (17,881 ft) Litke Deep, Eurasian Basin |
Indian Ocean | 7,258 m (23,812 ft) Java Trench[35] |
Pacific Ocean | 10,971 m (35,994 ft) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench[36] |
Southern Ocean | 7,235 m (23,737 ft) South Sandwich Trench (southernmost portion, at 60°S) |
Ice sheets on land, but having the base below sea level. Places under ice are not considered to be on land.
Bentley Subglacial Trench | −2,555 m (−8,383 ft) | Antarctica |
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ | −1,512 m (−4,961 ft)[37] | Greenland |
Northernmost point on land | Kaffeklubben Island, east of Greenland (83°40′N 29°50′W / 83.667°N 29.833°W / 83.667; -29.833) Various shifting gravel bars lie further north, the most famous being Oodaaq |
Southernmost point on land | The geographic South Pole |
Earth sciences portal |
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