herpes labialis

口唇ヘルペス

WordNet

1. relating to or near the female labium
2. of or relating to the lips of the mouth; "labial stops"
3. viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane
4. any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin (同)herpes_virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. くちびる(lip)の / 唇音(しんおん)の / 唇音([m][p][b]など)
2. 疱疹(ほうしん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/06 09:57:12」(JST)

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Herpes labialis
Herpes labialis of the lower lip. Note the blisters in a group marked by an arrow.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	B00.1
ICD-9-CM	054.9
MeSH	D006560

Herpes labialis, (also called cold sores, fever blisters, herpes simplex labialis, recurrent herpes labialis, or orolabial herpes), is a type of herpes simplex occurring on the lip, i.e. an infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). An outbreak typically causes small blisters or sores on or around the mouth. The sores typically heal within 2–3 weeks, but the herpes virus remains dormant in the facial nerves, following orofacial infection, periodically reactivating (in symptomatic people) to create sores in the same area of the mouth or face at the site of the original infection.

Cold sore has a rate of frequency that varies from rare episodes to 12 or more recurrences per year. People with the condition typically experience one to three attacks each year. The frequency and severity of outbreaks generally decreases over time.

Definitions

In medical contexts, "labia" is a general term for "lip"; "herpes labialis" does not refer to the labia of the genitals, though the etymology is the same. When the viral infection affects both face and mouth, the broader term "orofacial herpes" is used to describe the condition, whereas the term "herpetic stomatitis" is used to specifically describe infection of the mouth; "stomatitis" is derived from the Greek word stoma that means "mouth".

Signs and symptoms

Herpes infections usually show no symptoms; when symptoms do appear they typically resolve within two weeks. The main symptom of oral infection is inflammation of the mucosa of the cheek and gums—known as acute herpetic gingivostomatitis—which occurs within 5–10 days of infection. Other symptoms may also develop, including headache, nausea, dizziness and painful ulcers—sometimes confused with canker sores—fever, and sore throat.

Primary HSV infection in adolescents frequently manifests as severe pharyngitis with lesions developing on the cheek and gums. Some individuals develop difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). Primary HSV infections in adults often results in pharyngitis similar to that observed in glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), but gingivostomatitis is less likely.

Recurrent oral infection is more common with HSV-1 infections than with HSV-2. Symptoms typically progress in a series of eight stages:

1. Latent (weeks to months incident-free): The remission period; After initial infection, the viruses move to sensory nerve ganglia (trigeminal ganglion), where they reside as lifelong, latent viruses. Asymptomatic shedding of contagious virus particles can occur during this stage.
2. Prodromal (day 0–1): Symptoms often precede a recurrence. Symptoms typically begin with tingling (itching) and reddening of the skin around the infected site. This stage can last from a few days to a few hours preceding the physical manifestation of an infection and is the best time to start treatment.
3. Inflammation (day 1): Virus begins reproducing and infecting cells at the end of the nerve. The healthy cells react to the invasion with swelling and redness displayed as symptoms of infection.
4. Pre-sore (day 2–3): This stage is defined by the appearance of tiny, hard, inflamed papules and vesicles that may itch and are painfully sensitive to touch. In time, these fluid-filled blisters form a cluster on the lip (labial) tissue, the area between the lip and skin (vermilion border), and can occur on the nose, chin, and cheeks.
5. Open lesion (day 4): This is the most painful and contagious of the stages. All the tiny vesicles break open and merge to create one big, open, weeping ulcer. Fluids are slowly discharged from blood vessels and inflamed tissue. This watery discharge is teeming with active viral particles and is highly contagious. Depending on the severity, one may develop a fever and swollen lymph glands under the jaw.
6. Crusting (day 5–8): A honey/golden crust starts to form from the syrupy exudate. This yellowish or brown crust or scab is not made of active virus but from blood serum containing useful proteins such as immunoglobulins. This appears as the healing process begins. The sore is still painful at this stage, but, more painful, however, is the constant cracking of the scab as one moves or stretches their lips, as in smiling or eating. Virus-filled fluid will still ooze out of the sore through any cracks.
7. Healing (day 9–14): New skin begins to form underneath the scab as the virus retreats into latency. A series of scabs will form over the sore (called Meier Complex), each one smaller than the last. During this phase irritation, itching, and some pain are common.
8. Post-scab (12–14 days): A reddish area may linger at the site of viral infection as the destroyed cells are regenerated. Virus shedding can still occur during this stage.

The recurrent infection is thus often called herpes simplex labialis. Rare reinfections occur inside the mouth (intraoral HSV stomatitis) affecting the gums, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and the back of the tongue, possibly accompanied by herpes labialis.

A lesion caused by herpes simplex can occur in the corner of the mouth and be mistaken for angular cheilitis of another cause. Sometimes termed "angular herpes simplex". A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips. Rather than utilizing antifungal creams, angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore, with topical antiviral drugs.

Causes

Herpes labialis infection occurs when the herpes simplex virus comes into contact with oral mucosal tissue or abraded skin of the mouth. Infection by the type 1 strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) is most common; however, cases of oral infection by the type 2 strain are increasing. Specifically, type 2 has been implicated as causing 10–15% of oral infections.

Cold sores are the result of the virus reactivating in the body. Once HSV-1 has entered the body, it never leaves. The virus moves from the mouth to remain latent in the central nervous system. In approximately one-third of people, the virus can "wake up" or reactivate to cause disease. When reactivation occurs, the virus travels down the nerves to the skin where it may cause blisters (cold sores) around the lips, in the mouth or, in about 10% of cases, on the nose, chin, or cheeks.

Cold sore outbreaks may be influenced by stress, menstruation, sunlight, sunburn, fever, dehydration, or local skin trauma. Surgical procedures such as dental or neural surgery, lip tattooing, or dermabrasion are also common triggers. HSV-1 can in rare cases be transmitted to newborn babies by family members or hospital staff who have cold sores; this can cause a severe disease called neonatal herpes simplex.

The colloquial term for this condition, "cold sore" comes from the fact that herpes labialis is often triggered by fever, for example, as may occur during an upper respiratory tract infections (i.e. a cold).

People can transfer the virus from their cold sores to other areas of the body, such as the eye, skin, or fingers; this is called autoinoculation. Eye infection, in the form of conjunctivitis or keratitis, can happen when the eyes are rubbed after touching the lesion. Finger infection (herpetic whitlow) can occur when a child with cold sores or primary HSV-1 infection sucks his fingers.

Blood tests for herpes may differentiate between type 1 and type 2. When a person is not experiencing any symptoms, a blood test alone does not reveal the site of infection. Genital herpes infections occurred with almost equal frequency as type 1 or 2 in younger adults when samples were taken from genital lesions. Herpes in the mouth is more likely to be caused by type 1, but (see above) also can be type 2. The only way to know for certain if a positive blood test for herpes is due to infection of the mouth, genitals, or elsewhere, is to sample from lesions. This is not possible if the afflicted individual is asymptomatic.

Prevention

Avoiding touching an active outbreak site, washing hands frequently while the outbreak is occurring, not sharing items that come in contact with the mouth, and not coming into contact with others (by avoiding kissing, oral sex, or contact sports) can reduce the likelihood of the infection being spread to others.

Because the onset of an infection is difficult to predict, lasts a short period of time and heals rapidly, it is difficult to conduct research on cold sores. Though famciclovir improves lesion healing time, it is not effective in preventing lesions; valaciclovir and a mixture of acyclovir and hydrocortisone are similarly useful in treating outbreaks but may also help prevent them.

Oral acyclovir and valacyclovir are effective in preventing recurrent herpes labialis if taken prior to the onset of any symptoms or exposure to any triggers.

Treatment

Docosanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, is a safe and effective topical application that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for herpes labialis in adults with properly functioning immune systems. It is comparable in effectiveness to prescription topical antiviral agents. Due to its mechanism of action, there is little risk of drug resistance. The duration of symptoms can be reduced by a small amount if an antiviral, anesthetic or non-treatment cream (such as zinc oxide or zinc sulfate) is applied promptly.

Effective antiviral medications include acyclovir and penciclovir, which can speed healing by as much as 10%. Famciclovir or valacyclovir, taken in pill form, can be effective using a single day, high-dose application and is more cost effective and convenient than the traditional treatment of lower doses for 5–7 days.

Epidemiology

Herpes labialis is endemic throughout the world. A large survey of young adults on six continents reported that 33.2% of males and 28% of females had herpes labialis on two or more occasions during the year before study. The lifetime prevalence in the United States of America is estimated at 20-45% of the adult population. Lifetime prevalence in France was reported by one study as 32.4% in males and 42.1% in females. In Germany, the prevalence was reported at 31.7% in people aged between 35 and 44 years, and 20% in those aged 65–74. In Jordan, another study reported a lifetime prevalence of 26.4%.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 免疫正常患者における単純ヘルペスウイルス1型感染の治療 treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in immunocompetent patients
• 2. 単純ヘルペスウイルス1型感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection
• 3. 免疫正常患者における単純ヘルペスウイルス1型感染の防止 prevention of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in immunocompetent patients
• 4. 若齢小児におけるヘルペス性歯肉口内炎 herpetic gingivostomatitis in young children
• 5. Palliative care: Overview of mouth care at the end of life

English Journal

• Giant Herpes Labialis in a Child with DOCK8-deficient Hyper-IgE Syndrome.

• Metin A1, Kanik-Yuksek S2, Ozkaya-Parlakay A3, Tezer H4.
• Pediatrics and neonatology.Pediatr Neonatol.2015 Jun 12. pii: S1875-9572(15)00091-1. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2015.04.011. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 26148752

• Multicenter randomized study of inosine pranobex versus acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis and recurrent herpes genitalis in Chinese patients.

• You Y1, Wang L1, Li Y2, Wang Q3, Cao S4, Tu Y5, Li S6, Bai L7, Lu J8, Wei Z9, Chen W10, Hao F1.
• The Journal of dermatology.J Dermatol.2015 Jun;42(6):596-601. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12845. Epub 2015 Mar 26.
• The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral inosine pranobex as compared with acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) and recurrent herpes genitalis (RHG). A multicenter double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, controlled, parallel group trial was c
• PMID 25819042

• Treatment of herpes simplex labialis in macule and vesicle phases with photodynamic therapy. Report of two cases.

• Ramalho KM1, Rocha RG2, Correa-Aranha AC3, Cunha SR3, Simões A4, Campos L4, Eduardo Cde P3.
• Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther.2015 Jun;12(2):321-3. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
• PMID 25770054

Japanese Journal

• Herpes Labialis in Multiple Sclerosis with a Trigeminal Lesion

• Suzuki Naoki,Mizuno Hideki,Nakashima Ichiro,Itoyama Yasuto
• Internal Medicine 50(3), 259-259, 2011
• NAID 130000413104

• 単純ヘルペスウイルス感染による咽喉頭病変

• 中川 秀樹,永竿 万貴,甲能 直幸,楠山 敏行,福田 宏之,小川 郁
• 日本気管食道科学会会報 59(3), 347-353, 2008
• 単純ヘルペスウイルス（HSV）の感染により咽喉頭，とりわけ咽頭に病変を生じうることは知られているが，その臨床経過や検査所見等について詳細に検討された報告は少ない。平成16年から平成18年までの3年間に当科を受診した成人症例のうち，咽喉頭粘膜に所見を認め，ウイルス特異抗原あるいは血清抗体値の測定によってHSV感染と考えられた14例について検討した。男性7名，女性7名，平均年齢は29.9歳。内視鏡的所 …
• NAID 130004469959

• Allopurinol as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Recurrent Herpes Labialis

• El-Farrash A. Mohamed,Youssef M. Jilan,El-Mongy E. Shaymaa
• Journal of medical and dental sciences 50(2), 147-154, 2003-06
• NAID 110000076029

Related Links

• Herpes Labialis

An Overview Herpes Labialis is also commonly referred to as oral herpes or cold sores. This is an infection of the mouth as well as the lips triggered prim

• What is Herpes Labialis? - Health News and Information ...

Herpes labialis or oral herpes is an infection of the mouth area that causes small, painful blisters to develop on the lips, gums or throat. These blisters are caused by the herpes simplex virus, a common and highly contagious virus ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「口唇ヘルペス」
拡張検索	「recurrent herpes labialis」
関連記事	「labial」

「口唇ヘルペス」

　　[★]

ラ

herpes labialis

同

熱の華、風邪の華

関

単純ヘルペスウイルス、ウイルス

「recurrent herpes labialis」

　　[★] 再発性口唇ヘルペス

「labial」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (解剖)唇の、唇状の