関: Hyoscyamus

WordNet

poisonous fetid Old World herb having sticky hairy leaves and yellow-brown flowers; yields hyoscyamine and scopolamine (同)black henbane, stinking nightshade, Hyoscyamus niger
genus of poisonous herbs: henbane (同)genus Hyoscyamus
found on sea beaches from Virginia to South America having greenish-yellow flowers and orange or yellow berries (同)Physalis viscosa
poisonous herb whose leaves are a source of hyoscyamine (同)Hyoscyamus muticus

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〈C〉ヒヨス(ヨーロッパ産の毒草) / 〈U〉ヒヨスの毒

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/08 20:40:22」(JST)

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Hyoscyamus niger, commonly known as henbane, black henbane or stinking nightshade, is a poisonous plant in the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, though it is now globally distributed.^[1]

Toxicity and historical usage

It was historically used in combination with other plants, such as mandrake, deadly nightshade, and datura as an anaesthetic potion, as well as for its psychoactive properties in "magic brews".^[1]^[2]^[3] These psychoactive properties include visual hallucinations and a sensation of flight.^[4] It was originally used in continental Europe, Asia, and the Arab world,^[5] though it did spread to England in the Middle Ages. The use of henbane by the ancient Greeks was documented by Pliny who said it was "of the nature of wine and therefore offensive to the understanding," and by Dioscorides who recommended it as a sedative and analgesic.^[6] The plant, recorded as Herba Apollinaris, was used to yield oracles by the priestesses of Apollo.^[1] Recently evidence for its earlier use in the Scottish Neolithic has been debated.^[7] John Gerard's Herball states: "The leaves, the seeds and the juice, when taken internally cause an unquiet sleep, like unto the sleep of drunkenness, which continueth long and is deadly to the patient. To wash the feet in a decoction of Henbane, as also the often smelling of the flowers causeth sleep."^[8]

The name henbane dates at least to AD 1265. The origins of the word are unclear, but "hen" probably originally meant death rather than referring to chickens.^[9] Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant.^[1] Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include hallucinations,^[1] dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common symptoms, such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia, and ataxia, have all been noted.

Henbane can be toxic, even fatal, to animals in low doses. Not all animals are susceptible; for example, the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including cabbage moths, eat henbane.

It was sometimes one of the ingredients in gruit, traditionally used in beers as a flavouring. Several cities, most notable Pilsen, were named after its German name form "Bilsenkraut" in context of the production for beer flavouring.^[10] It fell out of usage for beer when it was replaced by hops in the 11th to 16th centuries, as the Bavarian Purity Law of 1516 outlawed ingredients other than barley, hops, yeast, and water.^[11]

Henbane is sometimes identified with the "hebenon" poured into the ear of Hamlet's father,^[2]^[12] although other candidates for hebenon exist.^[13]

Misidentification

Apothecary vessels for Hyoscyamus preparations, Germany, 19th century

In 2008, celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson recommended henbane as a "tasty addition to salads" in the August 2008 issue of Healthy and Organic Living magazine. He subsequently said he had made an error, confusing the herb with fat hen, a member of the spinach family. He apologized, and the magazine sent subscribers an urgent message stating, "[henbane] is a very toxic plant and should never be eaten".^[14]

Gallery

Hyoscyamus niger - MHNT
Henbane seeds
Henbane in flower
Henbane fruits
Large flowering henbane

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Roberts 1998, p. 31
^ ^a ^b Anthony John Carter MB FFARCS (March 2003). "Myths and mandrakes" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (3): 144–147. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.3.144. PMC 539425. PMID 12612119.
^ A. J. Carter (1996-12-21). "Narcosis and nightshade". British Medical Journal. 313 (7072): 1630–1632. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1630. PMC 2359130. PMID 8991015.
^ Schultes & Smith 1976, p. 22
^ Joseph Perez, Janet Lloyd, The Spanish Inquisition, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-11982-8, ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4, p229 footnote 10]
^ Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.
^ Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) in the Scottish Neolithic, Journal of Archaeological Science (1999) 26, 45–52
^ Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.
^ Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell (2008). An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3.
^ Christian Rätsch (2015-07-29). "Urbock oder echtes Bier" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-26. Diese ehemaligen Anpflanzungen leben in verschiedenen Ortbezeichnungen bis heute fort, z.B. Bilsensee, Billendorf, Bilsengarten und vor allem im böhmischen Pilsen. So hat die Stadt, nach der unser modernes, stark gehopftes Bier »Pilsner« heißt, seinen Namen selbst vom Bilsenkraut, das dem echten »Pilsener Bier«, nämlich dem Bilsenkraut-Bier seinen Namen verlieh! In der Schweiz lebt der alte Name pilsener krut in der Bezeichnung Pilsenkraut bis heute fort.
^ Dan Rabin, Carl Forget (1998). The Dictionary of Beer and Brewing. Taylor & Francis. xii. ISBN 978-1-57958-078-0.
^ "Hebenon". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828).
^ Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell (2008). An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3.
^ Dawar, Anil (August 4, 2008). "TV chef Worrall Thompson recommends deadly weed as salad ingredient". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

General

Roberts, Margaret F.; Wink, Michael (1998). Alkaloids: biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications. Springer. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-306-45465-3. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
"Henbane". Clinicalmind.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-18.

External links

Henbane on Erowid

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児での潜在的に毒性を持つ植物の摂取による臨床症状および評価 clinical manifestations and evaluation of potentially toxic plant ingestions in children
2. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における抗コリン療法の役割 role of anticholinergic therapy in copd
3. 小児における毒性植物摂取およびニコチン中毒のマネージメント management of toxic plant ingestions and nicotine poisoning in children
4. ジギタリス（強心配糖体）中毒 digitalis cardiac glycoside poisoning

English Journal

Homologous recombination and retention of a single form of most genes shape the highly chimeric mitochondrial genome of a cybrid plant.

Sanchez-Puerta MV1, Zubko MK, Palmer JD.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2014 Nov 28. doi: 10.1111/nph.13188. [Epub ahead of print]
The structure and evolution of angiosperm mitochondrial genomes are driven by extremely high rates of recombination and rearrangement. An excellent experimental system for studying these events is offered by cybrid plants, in which parental mitochondria usually fuse and their genomes recombine. Litt
PMID 25441621

Simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine from Hyoscyamus niger L. in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetics study.

Zhang P1, Li Y, Liu G, Sun X, Zhou Y, Deng X, Liao Q, Xie Z.
Journal of separation science.J Sep Sci.2014 Oct;37(19):2664-74. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201400534. Epub 2014 Aug 21.
In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of tropane alkaloids in Hyoscyamus niger L., a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine in rat plasma is developed and f
PMID 25044356

Discrimination of Solanaceae taxa and quantification of scopolamine and hyoscyamine by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Naumann A1, Kurtze L2, Krähmer A1, Hagels H2, Schulz H1.
Planta medica.Planta Med.2014 Oct;80(15):1315-20. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1383046. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
Plant species of the Solanaceae family (nightshades) contain pharmacologically active anticholinergic tropane alkaloids, e.g., scopolamine and hyoscyamine. Tropane alkaloids are of special interest, either as active principles or as starting materials for semisynthetic production of other substances
PMID 25248046

Black henbane and its toxicity - a descriptive review.

Alizadeh A1, Moshiri M2, Alizadeh J3, Balali-Mood M4.
Avicenna journal of phytomedicine.Avicenna J Phytomed.2014 Sep;4(5):297-311.
Black henbane (BH) or Hyoscyamus niger, has been used as a medicine since last centuries and has been described in all traditional medicines. It applies as a herbal medicine, but may induce intoxication accidentally or intentionally. All part of BH including leaves, seeds and roots contain some alka
PMID 25386392

Japanese Journal

Choanephora rot of floral tops of Hyoscyamus muticus caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum

Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP 76(5), 358-361, 2010-10-01
NAID 10029720120

Leaf spot disease of Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian henbane) caused by Cladosporium herbarum

Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP 75(6), 437-439, 2009-12-01
NAID 10029718768

The Fine Structure of Egyptian Henbane (Hyoscyamusumuticus L.) Chromosomes as Revealed by Pachytene Analysis

Cytologia : international journal of cytology 66(4), 385-393, 2001-12-25
NAID 10007641937

The Fine Structure of Egyptian Henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) Chromosomes as Revealed by Pachytene Analysis.

CYTOLOGIA 66(4), 385-393, 2001
NAID 130003955747

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Hyoscyamus」「ニジェール」

「Hyoscyamus」

Henbane
	Hyoscyamus niger in Köhler's Medicinal Plants, 1887
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Hyoscyamus
Species:	H. niger
Binomial name
	Hyoscyamus niger; L.

　　[★]

ヒヨス属、ヒヨスチアムス属、Hyoscyamus属

関: henbane

「ニジェール」

　　[★]

英: henbane
関: ヒヨス属

[Roberts_31-1] Roberts 1998, p. 31

[carter2003-2] Anthony John Carter MB FFARCS (March 2003). "Myths and mandrakes" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (3): 144–147. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.3.144. PMC 539425. PMID 12612119.

[carter1996-3] A. J. Carter (1996-12-21). "Narcosis and nightshade". British Medical Journal. 313 (7072): 1630–1632. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1630. PMC 2359130. PMID 8991015.

[Schultes_22-4] Schultes & Smith 1976, p. 22

[5] Joseph Perez, Janet Lloyd, The Spanish Inquisition, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-11982-8, ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4, p229 footnote 10]

[6] Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.

[7] Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) in the Scottish Neolithic, Journal of Archaeological Science (1999) 26, 45–52

[8] Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.

[9] Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell (2008). An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3.

[10] Christian Rätsch (2015-07-29). "Urbock oder echtes Bier" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-26. Diese ehemaligen Anpflanzungen leben in verschiedenen Ortbezeichnungen bis heute fort, z.B. Bilsensee, Billendorf, Bilsengarten und vor allem im böhmischen Pilsen. So hat die Stadt, nach der unser modernes, stark gehopftes Bier »Pilsner« heißt, seinen Namen selbst vom Bilsenkraut, das dem echten »Pilsener Bier«, nämlich dem Bilsenkraut-Bier seinen Namen verlieh! In der Schweiz lebt der alte Name pilsener krut in der Bezeichnung Pilsenkraut bis heute fort.

[11] Dan Rabin, Carl Forget (1998). The Dictionary of Beer and Brewing. Taylor & Francis. xii. ISBN 978-1-57958-078-0.

[12] "Hebenon". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828).

[13] Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell (2008). An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3.

[14] Dawar, Anil (August 4, 2008). "TV chef Worrall Thompson recommends deadly weed as salad ingredient". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

v t e Ancient anaesthesia

Plants / animals	Aconitum (aconite) Atropa belladonna (belladonna) Cannabis medical use Castoreum Coca Conium (hemlock) Datura inoxia (thorn-apple) Datura metel (devil's trumpet) Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) Lactucarium Mandragora officinarum (mandrake) Opium Saussurea (saw-wort) Willow

People	Abulcasis Avenzoar Avicenna Celsus Dioscorides Galen Hippocrates Rhazes Sabuncuoğlu Sushrutha Theophrastus Zhang

Compounds	Aconitine Atropine Cocaine Coniine Δ9-THC Hyoscyamine Morphine Salicylate Scopolamine

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henbane