WordNet

lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin (同)haemolysis, hematolysis, haematolysis
relating to or involving or causing hemolysis; "hemolytic anemia" (同)haemolytic

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/20 06:25:49」(JST)

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Haemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek αἷμα (aima, haema, hemo-) meaning "blood" and λύσις (lusis, lysis, -lysis) meaning a "losing", "setting free" or "releasing"^[1]—is the rupturing of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g., blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro (inside or outside the body).

1 In vivo (inside the body)
- 1.1 Streptococcus
- 1.2 Enterococcus
- 1.3 Staphylococcus
- 1.4 Parasitic hemolysis
- 1.5 Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- 1.6 Hemolytic anemia
- 1.7 Hemolytic crisis
2 In vitro (outside the body)
- 2.1 From specimen collection
- 2.2 From mechanical blood processing during surgery
- 2.3 From bacteria culture
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

In vivo (inside the body)

In vivo hemolysis can be caused by a large number of medical conditions, including many Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus), some parasites (e.g., Plasmodium), some autoimmune disorders (e.g., drug-induced hemolytic anemia), some genetic disorders (e.g., Sickle-cell disease or G6PD deficiency), or blood with too low a solute concentration (hypotonic to cells).

Streptococcus

Many species of the genus Streptococcus cause hemolysis. Streptococcal bacteria species are classified according to their hemolytic properties. Note that these hemolytic properties do not necessarily present in vivo.

Alpha-hemolytic species, including S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius, oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin (turning it dark green in culture).
Beta-hemolytic species, including S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae, completely rupture the red blood cells (visible as a halo in culture).
Gamma-hemolytic, or non-hemolytic, species do not cause hemolysis and rarely cause illness.

Enterococcus

The genus Enterococcus includes lactic acid bacteria formerly classified as gamma-hemolytic Group D in the genus streptococcus (see above), including E. faecilis (S. faecalis), E. faecium (S. faecium), E. durans (S. durans), and E. avium (S. avium).

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is another Gram-positive cocci. S. aureus, the most common cause of "staph" infections, is frequently hemolytic on BA.^[2]

Parasitic hemolysis

Because the feeding process of the Plasmodium parasites damages red blood cells, malaria is sometimes called "parasitic hemolysis" in medical literature.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an autoimmune disease resulting from the mother's antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus.

Hemolytic anemia

Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells, in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia.

Hemolytic crisis

A hemolytic crisis, or hyperhemolytic crisis, is characterized by an accelerated rate of red blood cell destruction leading to anemia, jaundice, and reticulocytosis.^[3] Hemolytic crises are a major concern with sickle-cell disease and G6PD deficiency.

In vitro (outside the body)

Hemolysis of blood samples. Red blood cells without (left and middle) and with (right) hemolysis. If as little as 0.5% of the red blood cells are hemolyzed, the released hemoglobin will cause the serum or plasma to appear pale red or cherry red in color.^[4] Note that the hemolyzed sample is transparent, because there are no cells to scatter light.

In vitro hemolysis can be caused by improper technique during collection of blood specimens, by the effects of mechanical processing of blood, or by bacterial action in cultured blood specimens.

From specimen collection

Most causes of in vitro hemolysis are related to specimen collection. Difficult collections, unsecure line connections, contamination, and incorrect needle size, as well as improper tube mixing and incorrectly filled tubes are all frequent causes of hemolysis. Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces. Such hemolysis is more likely to occur when a patient's veins are difficult to find or when they collapse when blood is removed by a syringe or a modern vacuum tube. Experience and proper technique are key for any phlebotomist or nurse to prevent hemolysis.

In vitro hemolysis during specimen collection can cause inaccurate laboratory test results by contaminating the surrounding plasma with the contents of hemolyzed red blood cells. For example, the concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the plasma and so an elevated potassium level is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolyzed blood.

In vitro hemolysis can also occur in a blood sample because of prolonged storage or storage in incorrect conditions (i.e., too hot or too cold).

From mechanical blood processing during surgery

In some surgical procedures (especially some heart operations) where substantial blood loss is expected, machinery is used for intraoperative blood salvage. A centrifuge process takes blood from the patient, washes the red blood cells with normal saline, and returns them to the patient's blood circulation. Hemolysis may occur if the centrifuge rotates too quickly (generally greater than 500 rpm)—essentially this is hemolysis occurring outside of the body. Unfortunately, increased hemolysis occurs with massive amounts of sudden blood loss, because the process of returning a patient's cells must be done at a correspondingly higher speed to prevent hypotension, pH imbalance, and a number of other hemodynamic and blood level factors.

From bacteria culture

Hemolysis from streptococcus. Examples of the blood culture patterns created by (from left) alpha-, beta- and gamma-hemolytic streptococci.

Visualizing the physical appearance of hemolysis in cultured blood samples may be used as a tool to determine the species of various Gram-positive bacteria infections (e.g., Streptococcus).

References

^ An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon Founded Upon The Seventh Edition Of Liddell And Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press.
^ MicrobeLibrary.org^{[dead link]}, American Society for Microbiology
^ Innvista
^ Capital Health

External links

Effects of Hemolysis on Clinical Specimens
Hemolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 輸血関連の免疫性および非免疫性溶血 transfusion associated immune and non immune mediated hemolysis
2. 化学的および物理的物質が引き起こす輸血反応 transfusion reactions caused by chemical and physical agents
3. HIV感染患者におけるスクリーニング検査 screening laboratory tests in hiv infected patients
4. 横紋筋融解症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis
5. 小児における自己免疫性溶血性貧血 autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children

English Journal

The diversity of receptor recognition in cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.

Tabata A, Ohkura K, Ohkubo Y, Tomoyasu T, Ohkuni H, Whiley RA, Nagamune H.Author information Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.AbstractCholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are bacterial pore-forming toxins secreted mainly by pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. CDCs generally recognize and bind to membrane cholesterol to create pores and lyse the target cells. However, in contrast to typical CDCs such as streptolysin O, several atypical CDCs have been reported, the first being intermedilysin (ILY) secreted from Streptococcus intermedius, with human cell-specificity due to recognition of human CD59 (huCD59) as the receptor. In the study reported here, we investigated the diversity of receptor recognition among CDCs and show the existence of multi-receptor recognition characteristics within this toxin family. S. mitis-derived human platelet aggregation factor (Sm-hPAF) secreted by S. mitis strain Nm-65 isolated from a patient with Kawasaki disease was previously shown to hemolyze erythrocytes in a species-dependent manner with maximum activity on human cells. This study revealed that Sm-hPAF recognizes both membrane cholesterol and huCD59 as the receptor for triggering pore-formation. Moreover, vaginolysin (VLY) of Gardnerella vaginalis also exhibited similar characteristics to Sm-hPAF in receptor recognition. On the basis of the results presented here, the mode of receptor recognition of CDCs can be categorized into three groups: Group I comprising typical CDCs with high affinity to cholesterol and no or very low affinity to huCD59, Group II including atypical CDCs such as ILY with no or very low affinity to cholesterol and high affinity to huCD59, and Group III containing atypical CDCs such as Sm-hPAF and also VLY with affinity to both cholesterol and huCD59.
Microbiology and immunology.Microbiol Immunol.2014 Jan 9. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12131. [Epub ahead of print]
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are bacterial pore-forming toxins secreted mainly by pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. CDCs generally recognize and bind to membrane cholesterol to create pores and lyse the target cells. However, in contrast to typical CDCs such as streptolysin O, several at
PMID 24401114

Drug-loaded sickle cells programmed ex vivo for delayed hemolysis target hypoxic tumor microvessels and augment tumor drug delivery.

Choe SW, Terman DS, Rivers AE, Rivera J, Lottenberg R, Sorg BS.Author information Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi, Republic of Korea.AbstractSelective drug delivery to hypoxic tumor niches remains a significant therapeutic challenge that calls for new conceptual approaches. Sickle red blood cells (SSRBCs) have shown an ability to target such hypoxic niches and induce tumoricidal effects when used together with exogenous pro-oxidants. Here we determine whether the delivery of a model therapeutic encapsulated in murine SSRBCs can be enhanced by ex vivo photosensitization under conditions that delay autohemolysis to a time that coincides with maximal localization of SSRBCs in a hypoxic tumor. Hyperspectral imaging of 4T1 carcinomas shows oxygen saturation levels <10% in a large fraction (commonly 50% or more) of the tumor. Using video microscopy of dorsal skin window chambers implanted with 4T1 tumors, we demonstrate that allogeneic SSRBCs, but not normal RBCs (nRBCs), selectively accumulate in hypoxic 4T1 tumors between 12 and 24h after systemic administration. We further show that ex vivo photo-oxidation can program SSRBCs to postpone hemolysis/release of a model therapeutic to a point that coincides with their maximum sequestration in hypoxic tumor microvessels. Under these conditions, drug-loaded photosensitized SSRBCs show a 3-4 fold greater drug delivery to tumors compared to non-photosensitized SSRBCs, drug-loaded photosensitized nRBCs, and free drug. These results demonstrate that photo-oxidized SSRBCs, but not photo-oxidized nRBCs, sequester and hemolyze in hypoxic tumors and release substantially more drug than photo-oxidized nRBCs and non-photo-oxidized SSRBCs. Photo-oxidation of drug-loaded SSRBCs thus appears to exploit the unique tumor targeting and carrier properties of SSRBCs to optimize drug delivery to hypoxic tumors. Such programmed and drug-loaded SSRBCs therefore represent a novel and useful tool for augmenting drug delivery to hypoxic solid tumors.
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.J Control Release.2013 Oct 28;171(2):184-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.008. Epub 2013 Jul 18.
Selective drug delivery to hypoxic tumor niches remains a significant therapeutic challenge that calls for new conceptual approaches. Sickle red blood cells (SSRBCs) have shown an ability to target such hypoxic niches and induce tumoricidal effects when used together with exogenous pro-oxidants. Her
PMID 23871960

[Characteristic of microflora isolated during mechanical lung ventilation].

[No authors listed]AbstractAIM: Study species composition and biological properties of microorganisms isolated from lower respiratory tract of 34 patients of surgical departments during mechanical lung ventilation.
Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol.2013 Jul-Aug;(4):69-72.
AIM: Study species composition and biological properties of microorganisms isolated from lower respiratory tract of 34 patients of surgical departments during mechanical lung ventilation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 59 strains of microorganisms were isolated and identified by established methods from trac
PMID 24341219

Japanese Journal

補体追加投与によるスナネズミ抗Thy-1.1腎炎作出

七戸和博,菅沼(清水) 眞澄,ガジザデモハマッド [他],石崎正通
The journal of veterinary medical science 64(6), 463-467, 2002-06-25
ラットに抗ラット胸腺細胞抗体(ARTS)を投与すると,腎メサンジウム細胞に存在するThy-1.1抗原と抗Thy-1.1抗体が結合してメサンジオライシスを起こし,蛋白尿を伴う糸球体腎炎を起こす.この糸球体傷害は,補体の活性化により進行する.我々の先の研究により,スナネズミの腎メサンジウム細胞にもThy-1.1抗原が存在することが明らかになったため,ラットと同様に抗Thy-1.1腎炎の作出を試みた.ス …
NAID 110003920878

Supplementation of Heterologous Complement Induces Anti-Thy-1.1 Nephritis in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

SHICHINOHE Kazuhiro,SHIMIZU-SUGANUMA Masumi,GHAZIZADEH Mohammad,ISHIZAKI Masamichi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64(6), 463-467, 2002
… In the complement-dependent hemolytic test, MG serum could not hemolyze sheep erythrocytes. …
NAID 130000449286

Prevotella intermedia と Prevotella nigrescens の溶血活性について

糸永雄二郎,福島久典
歯科医学 59(2), 137-145, 1996-06-25
臨床から分離した Prevotella intermedia と Prevotella nigrescensのヒト赤血球に対する溶血活性を検討した結果, 多くの菌株に β-溶血活性が認められた. 溶血環の広い菌株を選んで2, 4, 6および8日間血液寒天培地で培養後, 定量的に溶血活性を測定した結果, いずれの菌株とも6日間培養後の値がもっとも高かった. 溶血活性は菌液に含まれる菌量の増加とともに …
NAID 110001723808