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This article is about the cannabis preparation. For the village in Iran, see Hashish, Iran. For other uses, see Hash.
| Hashish |
| Botanical |
Hashish |
| Source plant(s) |
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa forma indica, Cannabis ruderalis |
| Part(s) of plant |
trichome |
| Geographic origin |
Central and South Asia.[1] |
| Active ingredients |
Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin |
| Legal status |
- AU: Prohibited (S9)
- CA: Schedule II
- UK: Class B
- US: Schedule I
- UN: Narcotic Schedule I
|
1.5 grams pressed hashish
One gram "bubble melt"
Cannabis indica hashish
Hashish, or hash, is a cannabis product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes. It contains the same active ingredients—such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids—but often in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves.
Hashish may be solid or resinous depending on the preparation; pressed hashish is usually solid, whereas water-purified hashish—often called "bubble melt hash"—is often a paste-like substance with varying hardness and pliability, its color most commonly light to dark brown can vary to seethrough glass varying toward yellow/tan, black or red. This all depends on the process and amount of solvent left over.[2]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Use
- 3 Manufacturing processes
- 4 Quality
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
History
The name hashish comes from the Arabic word ( حشيش ) which means grass. It is believed that massive hashish production for international trade originated in Morocco during the 1960s, where the cannabis plant was widely available. Before the coming of the first hippies from the Hippie Hashish Trail, only small pieces of Lebanese hashish were found in Morocco.[3] However, hemp has been reported from a cultural setting on Taiwan as long ago as 10,000 BC., and "[t]he earliest human use of Cannabis appears to have occurred in the steppe regions of Central Asia or in China."[4]
Northern India has a long social tradition in the production of hashish, known locally as charas, which is believed to be the same plant resin as was burned in the ceremonial booz rooz of Ancient Persia.[5] Cannabis indica grows wild almost everywhere on the Indian sub-continent, and special strains have been particularly cultivated for production of ganja and hashish particularly in West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Himalayas.[citation needed]
In 1596, Dutchman Jan Huyghen van Linschoten spent three pages on "Bangue" (bhang) in his historic work documenting his journeys in the East. He particularly mentioned the Egyptian Hashish.[6] He said, "Bangue is likewise much used in Turkie and Egypt, and is made in three sorts, having also three names. The first by the Egyptians is called Assis (Hashish (Arab.)), which is the poulder of Hemp, or of Hemp leaves, which is water made in paste or dough, they would eat five peeces, (each) as big as a Chestnut (or larger); This is used by the common people, because it is of a small price, and it is no wonder, that such vertue proceedeth from the Hempe, for that according to Galens opinion, Hempe excessively filleth the head."
The word assassin has its root from the Arabic word Hashshashin ( حشّاشين, ħashshāshīyīn, also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin),[7] and shares its etymological roots with the Arabic term ḥashīsh.
Use
It is consumed by being heated in a pipe, hookah, bong, bubbler, vaporizer, hot knife (placed between the tips of two heated knife blades), smoked in joints, mixed with cannabis buds or tobacco, smoked as bottle tokes ("brewing bots", "bucket bongs") or cooked in food, especially sweets.
Manufacturing processes
Making
cannabis resin, Uttarakhand, India
Hashish is made from cannabinoid-rich glandular hairs known as trichomes, as well as varying amounts of cannabis flower and leaf fragments. The flowers of a mature female plant contain the most trichomes, though trichomes are also found on other parts of the plant. Certain strains of cannabis are cultivated specifically for their ability to produce large amounts of trichomes. The resin reservoirs of the trichomes, sometimes erroneously called pollen (vendors often use the euphemism "pollen catchers" to describe screened kief-grinders in order to skirt paraphernalia selling laws), are separated from the plant through various methods.
Mechanical separation methods use physical action to remove the trichomes from the plant, such as sieving through a screen by hand or in motorized tumblers. This technique is known as "drysifting". The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into blocks of hashish; if pure, the kief will become gooey and pliable. When a high level of pure THC is present, the end product will be almost transparent and will start to melt at the point of human contact. Ice-water separation is another mechanical method of isolating trichomes. The clarity of the final product determines quality of the final product. Nowadays, new techniques have been developed, such as heat and pressure separations, static-electricity sieving or acoustical dry sieving.[8]
Chemical separation methods generally use a solvent such as ethanol, butane[citation needed] or hexane to dissolve the lipophilic desirable resin. Remaining plant materials are filtered out of the solution and sent to the compost. The solvent is then evaporated, or boiled off (purged) leaving behind the desirable resins, called honey oil, "hash oil", or just "oil". Honey oil still contains waxes and essential oils and can be further purified by vacuum distillation to yield "red oil". The product of chemical separations is more commonly referred to as "honey oil." This oil is not really hashish, as the latter name covers trichomes that are extracted by sieving. This leaves most of the glands intact.
Quality
Tiny pieces of leaf matter may be accidentally or even purposefully added; adulterants introduced when the hash is being produced will reduce the purity of the material and often resulting in green finished product. The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hashish comes in wide ranges from almost none to 65% and that of hash oil from 30–90%.[9]
See also
- Charles Baudelaire, French author who wrote the 1860 book, Les paradis artificiels, about the state of being under the influence of opium and hashish
- Club des Hashischins, 1840s Parisian group dedicated to the exploration of drug-induced experiences, notably with hashish
- Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author best known for his autobiographical book, The Hasheesh Eater (1857)
References
- ^ Mahmoud A. ElSohly (2007). Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-59259-947-9.
- ^ Guide To The Different Types Of Hash From Around The World
- ^ Hashish! by Robert Connell Clarke, ISBN 0-929349-05-9
- ^ Merlin, M. D. 2003 "Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the Old World," Economic Botany 57 (3): 295-323. Table 1 (re Taiwan) and p. 312 (quotation). http://link.springer.com/article/10.1663/0013-0001%282003%29057%5B0295:AEFTTO%5D2.0.CO%3B2. Rtvd 2014.02.22.
- ^ Usaybia, Abu; Notes on Uyunu al-Anba fi Tabaquat al-Atibba, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
- ^ Burnell, Arthur Coke & Tiele, P.A (1885). The voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies. from the old English translation of 1598: the first book, containing his description of the East. London: The Hakluyt Society. pp. 115–117. Full text at Internet Archive. Chapter on Bangue.
- ^ American Speech – McCarthy, Kevin M. Volume 48, pp. 77–83
- ^ Skunk Pharma Search, Acoustical dry sieving
- ^ Inciardi, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 1-55934-016-9.
Further reading
- Hashish! by Robert Connell Clarke, ISBN 0-929349-05-9
- The Hasheesh Eater by Fitz Hugh Ludlow; first edition 1857
- Starkes, Michael. Marijuana Potency. Berkeley, California: And/Or Press, 1977. Chapter 6 "Extraction of THC and Preparation of Hash Oil" pp. 111–122. ISBN 0-915904-27-6.
External links
|
Look up hashish in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Hashish. |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hashish. |
- Bibliography of scholarly histories on cannabis and hashish
- Hashish Making and Varieties
|
Cannabis plant, Cannabis marijuana
|
|
| General |
- Autoflowering cannabis
- Cannabis
- indica
- ruderalis
- sativa
- Difference between C. indica and C. sativa
- Cannabis flower essential oil
- Cultivation
- Synthetic cannabis
- Thai stick
|
|
| Cannabis strains |
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Pure indica
|
G-13 indica phenotype
|
|
|
Hybrid Indica with subset strains
|
- BC Bud
- Blueberry
- Kush
- Northern Lights
|
|
|
Pure sativa
|
- Acapulco Gold
- Malawi Gold
|
|
|
Hybrid Sativa with subset strains
|
- Charlotte's Web
- Diesel
- Haze
- Jack Herer
- Skunk
- Sour
- Sour Diesel
|
|
|
| Usage |
|
General
|
- Marijuana Anonymous (MA)
- Medical cannabis
- History of medical cannabis
- Religious and spiritual use
|
|
|
Hemp
|
- Hanfparade
- Hempcrete
- List of hemp diseases
- Hemp for Victory
- Hemp Industries Association
- Hemp jewelry
- Hemp oil
- The Emperor Wears No Clothes
|
|
|
| Preparations |
|
|
| Extracts by potency |
- Hash oil
- Bubble hash
- Hashish
|
|
| Consumption |
- Bhang
- Cannabis foods
- Cannabis smoking
- Cannabis tea
- Vaporizing
|
|
| Phytocannabinoids |
- Cannabidiol (CBD)
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
|
|
| Effects |
- Cannabis in pregnancy
- Endocannabinoid system
- Long-term
- Dependence
|
|
| Culture |
- 420
- Cannabis Culture
- Films
- High Times
- Cannabis Cup
- Music
|
|
Pro-Cannabis
organizations |
- ACT
- AMMA
- ASA
- Buyers Club
- CCRMG
- CLEAR
- CRC
- DPA
- FCA
- GMM
- LEAP
- MAPS
- MPP
- NCIA
- NORML
- POT
- SAFER
- Social Club
- SSDP
- SCC
|
|
| Use demographics |
- Adult lifetime use by country
- Annual use by country
|
|
| Politics |
|
General
|
- Bootleggers and Baptists
- Drug testing
- Global Marijuana March
- Legality
- Legality by country
- Legal and medical status
- Legal history in the United States
- Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act
- Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
|
|
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Major legal
reforms
|
- UK: Return to class B
- Uruguay: Law No. 19172
- USA: Decriminalization of non-medical use
- Places that have decriminalized non-medical use
- Removal from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act
|
|
|
Politicians
and parties
|
- Cannabis political parties
- List of British politicians who admit to cannabis use
- List of U.S. politicians who admit to cannabis use
|
|
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Lawsuits
|
- ADPF 187
- Kyllo v. United States (thermal imaging)
|
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Media
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