膝腱、大腿屈筋の

関: hamstring muscle

WordNet

make ineffective or powerless; "The teachers were hamstrung by the overly rigid schedules"
cripple by cutting the hamstring
one of the tendons at the back of the knee (同)hamstring tendon

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膝腱(ひざ(後脚)の後ろのくぼんだところの腱(けん)) / 〈人や四足獣〉の膝腱を切る

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/09 11:43:53」(JST)

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In human anatomy, the hamstring is a group of tendons contracted by three posterior thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris) that make up the borders of the space behind the knee, or their corresponding tendons.

In quadrupeds, it is the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area.

Etymology[edit]

The word ham originally referred to the fat and muscle behind the knee. String refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.^[3]

The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.^[4]

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Nerve
semitendinosus	ischial tuberosity	medial surface of tibia	tibial
semimembranosus	ischial tuberosity	medial tibial condyle	tibial
biceps femoris - long head	ischial tuberosity	lateral side of the head of the fibula	tibial
biceps femoris - short head	linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur	lateral side of the head of the fibula (common tendon with the long head)	common peroneal

A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings.^[4]

Functions[edit]

The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints - the hip and the knee.

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.

The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent.

The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities, such as, walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the trunk. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension.

Imaging[edit]

Tear of the hamstrings muscles at the ischial tuberosity seen on MRI (coronal STIR). The arrowheads indicate the tuber and the retracted tendon stump. Significant bleeding around and into the muscles.

Imaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI.^[5] The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn.^[6] In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.^[7]

Use in surgery[edit]

The distal semitendinosus tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee.

Training[edit]

In strength training, squats, leg curls and the Romanian deadlift are combined with other lower body exercises to develop the hamstrings.

Hamstring extension is key to determining flexibility, assessed by performing a sit and reach test.

References[edit]

^ University of Glasgow :: Biomedical & Life Sciences :: Biomedical & Life Sciences
^ "Biceps Femoris - Short Head — Musculoskeletal Radiology — UW Radiology". Rad.washington.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
^ ^a ^b Template:Norman Anatomy
^ Koulouris G, Connell D. (2003). "Evaluation of the hamstring muscle complex following acute injury". Skeletal Radiol. 32 (10): 582–9. doi:10.1007/s00256-003-0674-5. PMID 12942206.
^ Schache AG, Koulouris G, Kofoed W, Morris HG, Pandy MG (2008). "Rupture of the conjoint tendon at the proximal musculotendinous junction of the biceps femoris long head: a case report.". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 16 (8): 797–802. doi:10.1007/s00167-008-0517-y. PMID 18360748.
^ Koulouris G, Connell DA, Brukner P, Schneider-Kolsky M. (2007). "Magnetic resonance imaging parameters for assessing risk of recurrent hamstring injuries in elite athletes.". Am J Sports Med. 35 (9): 1500–6. PMID 174262838.

External links[edit]

Illustration at ucla.edu
Hamstring at eMedicine Dictionary
MRI Images demonstrating avulsion fracture of the hamstring muscle origin
Hamstring

UpToDate Contents

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1. ハムストリング損傷 hamstring injuries
2. 滑膜ひだ症候群（タナ障害） plica syndrome
3. 下肢ランニング障害の概要 overview of running injuries of the lower extremity
4. 膝窩（ベーカー）嚢腫 popliteal bakers cyst
5. 小児における大腿骨遠位部骨折 distal femoral fractures in children

English Journal

The impact of stochastic resonance electrical stimulation and knee sleeve on impulsive loading and muscle co-contraction during gait in knee osteoarthritis.

Collins A, Blackburn JT, Olcott C, Yu B, Weinhold P.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon).Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon).2011 Oct;26(8):853-8. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
BACKGROUND: Increased impulsive loading and muscle co-contraction during gait have been observed in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Proprioceptive deficits in this population may contribute to these effects. Proprioception has been shown to improve with the combination of stochastic resonance
PMID 21640451

Relationships between measures of muscular performance, proprioceptive acuity, and aging in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis.

Peixoto JG, Dias JM, Dias RC, Fonseca ST, Teixeira-Salmela LF.SourceGraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2011 Sep-Oct;53(2):e253-7. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
Introduction: OA is a multifactorial condition, which predisposes elderly individuals to disabilities. Therefore, aging, especially in women, is considered to be a risk factor for the development and progression of this disease. The aging process and the presence of degenerative diseases lead to los
PMID 21676474

Hamstring graft sizes differ between Chinese and Caucasians.

Chiang ER, Ma HL, Wang ST, Hung SC, Liu CL, Chen TH.SourceDepartments of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Shih-Pai, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.2011 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: The use of hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery has become more and more common. The purposes of this study were to determine whether anthropomorphic measurement correlated with tendon sizes in Chinese patient group and whether tendon sizes in Chinese and
PMID 21866349

Japanese Journal

CEU Quiz関連記事ハムストリング挫傷 : 再損傷予防のための基礎科学と臨床研究の応用

Sherry Marc A.,Best Thomas M.,Silder Amy 他
Strength & conditioning journal : 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会機関誌 19(9), 26-37, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019474688

膝屈筋腱を使用した前十字靭帯再建術後の移植腱-骨孔固着の組織評価

六崎裕高,渡辺新,池田耕太郎
日本臨床スポーツ医学会誌 = The journal of Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine 20(3), 590-593, 2012-08-31
NAID 10031073208

女子バスケットボール選手のカッティングにおける筋電図学的研究

小林恵理,落合錠,浦辺幸夫
体力科學 61(4), 443-446, 2012-08-01
… EMG recordings were employed to measure the ratio of activation between the medial-to-lateral Hamstring and Quadriceps, and Hamstring and Quadriceps. … In flexion phase, Quadriceps acted more significantly than Hamstring (p<0.05). … Moreover, medial muscle activity acted larger than lateral muscle in Quadriceps, and lateral muscle activity acted larger than medial muscle in Hamstring in each phase. …
NAID 10030496413

内側型変形性膝関節症患者における痛みの関連因子の検証

天野徹哉,森経介,小幡太志
日本柔道整復接骨医学会誌 = Journal of judo therapy 20(2), 41-49, 2012-05-15
NAID 10030648149

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「膝窩腱筋」「大腿屈筋」
拡張検索	「hamstring muscle」

「膝窩腱筋」

Hamstring
	Posterior view of left lower extremity.
	Interior muscular view of the three muscles that make up the hamstring
Gray's	p.478
Origin	tuberosity of the ischium, linea aspera
Insertion	tibia, fibula
Artery	inferior gluteal artery, profunda femoris artery
Nerve	sciatic nerve (tibial nerve and common fibular nerve)
Actions	flexion of knee, extension of hip
Antagonist	Rectus femoris muscle

　　[★]

英: hamstring (M)
同: ハムストリング

半腱様筋、半膜様筋、大腿二頭筋の総称

「大腿屈筋」

　　[★]

英: hamstring muscle、hamstring
関: 膝腱

「hamstring muscle」

　　[★]

大腿屈筋

関: hamstring

[1] University of Glasgow :: Biomedical & Life Sciences :: Biomedical & Life Sciences

[2] "Biceps Femoris - Short Head — Musculoskeletal Radiology — UW Radiology". Rad.washington.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-02.

[3] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02.

[norman-4] Template:Norman Anatomy

[pmid12942206-5] Koulouris G, Connell D. (2003). "Evaluation of the hamstring muscle complex following acute injury". Skeletal Radiol. 32 (10): 582–9. doi:10.1007/s00256-003-0674-5. PMID 12942206.

[pmid18360748-6] Schache AG, Koulouris G, Kofoed W, Morris HG, Pandy MG (2008). "Rupture of the conjoint tendon at the proximal musculotendinous junction of the biceps femoris long head: a case report.". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 16 (8): 797–802. doi:10.1007/s00167-008-0517-y. PMID 18360748.

[pmid174262838-7] Koulouris G, Connell DA, Brukner P, Schneider-Kolsky M. (2007). "Magnetic resonance imaging parameters for assessing risk of recurrent hamstring injuries in elite athletes.". Am J Sports Med. 35 (9): 1500–6. PMID 174262838.

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hamstring