WordNet
- pain caused by venous swelling at or inside the anal sphincter (同)haemorrhoid, piles
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/05 06:49:53」(JST)
wiki en
| Hemorrhoids | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
Diagram demonstrating the anal anatomy of both internal and external hemorrhoids |
|
| ICD-10 | I84 |
| ICD-9 | 455 |
| DiseasesDB | 10036 |
| MedlinePlus | 000292 |
| eMedicine | med/2821 emerg/242 |
| MeSH | D006484 |
Hemorrhoids (US English) or haemorrhoids UK /ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/, are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool control.[1][2] They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed. In their physiological state, they act as a cushion composed of arterio-venous channels and connective tissue.
The symptoms of pathological hemorrhoids depend on the type present. Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless rectal bleeding while external hemorrhoids may produce few symptoms or if thrombosed significant pain and swelling in the area of the anus. Many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal-rectal area as "hemorrhoids" and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out.[4] While the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown, a number of factors which increase intra-abdominal pressure, in particular constipation, are believed to play a role in their development.
Initial treatment for mild to moderate disease consists of increasing fiber intake, oral fluids to maintain hydration, NSAIDs to help with the pain, and rest. A number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures. Up to half of people may experience problems with hemorrhoids at some point in their life. Outcomes are usually good.
Contents
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Signs and symptoms
External hemorrhoid as seen around the human anus
Internal and external hemorrhoids may present differently; however, many people may have a combination of the two.[2] Bleeding significant enough to cause anemia is rare,[5] and life threatening bleeding is even more uncommon.[6] Many people feel embarrassed when facing the problem[5] and frequently seek medical care only when the case is advanced.[2]
External
If not thrombosed, external hemorrhoids may cause few problems.[7] However, when thrombosed, hemorrhoids may be very painful.[2][3] Nevertheless this pain typically resolves in 2 – 3 days.[5] The swelling however may take a few weeks to disappear.[5] A skin tag may remain after healing.[2] If hemorrhoids are large and cause issues with hygiene, they may produce irritation of the surrounding skin and thus itchiness around the anus.[7]
Internal
Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless, bright red, rectal bleeding during or following a bowel movement.[2] The blood typically covers the stool, a condition known as hematochezia, is on the toilet paper, or drips into the toilet bowl.[2] The stool itself is usually normally coloured.[2] Other symptoms may include mucous discharge, a perianal mass if they prolapse through the anus, itchiness, and fecal incontinence.[6][8] Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or necrotic.[2]
Causes
The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown.[9] A number of factors are believed to play a role including: irregular bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), a lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increased intra-abdominal pressure (prolonged straining, ascitis, an intra-abdominal mass, or pregnancy), genetics, an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins, and aging.[3][5] Other factors that are believed to increase the risk include obesity, prolonged sitting,[2] a chronic cough and pelvic floor dysfunction.[4] Evidence for these associations, however, is poor.[4]
During pregnancy, pressure from the fetus on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. Delivery also leads to increased intra-abdominal pressures.[10] Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment, as symptoms usually resolve after delivery.[3]
Pathophysiology
Hemorrhoid cushions are a part of normal human anatomy and become a pathological disease only when they experience abnormal changes.[2] There are three main cushions present in the normal anal canal.[3] These are located classically at left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior positions.[5] They are composed of neither arteries nor veins but blood vessels called sinusoids, connective tissue and smooth muscle.[4] Sinusoids do not have muscle tissue in their walls, as veins do.[2] This set of blood vessels is known as the hemorrhoidal plexus.[4]
Hemorrhoid cushions are important for continence. They contribute to 15–20% of anal closure pressure at rest and protect the anal sphincter muscles during the passage of stool.[2] When a person bears down, the intra-abdominal pressure grows, and hemorrhoid cushions increase in size helping to maintain the anus closed.[5] It is believed that hemorrhoid symptoms result when these vascular structures slide downwards or when venous pressure is excessively increased.[6] Increased anal sphincter pressure may also be involved in hemorrhoid symptoms.[5] Two types of hemorrhoids occur: internals from the superior hemorrhoidal plexus and externals from the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus.[5] The dentate line divides the two regions.[5]
Diagnosis
| Grade | Diagram | Picture |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| 4 |
Hemorrhoids are typically diagnosed by physical examination.[11] A visual examination of the anus and surrounding area may diagnose external or prolapsed hemorrhoids.[2] A rectal exam may be performed to detect possible rectal tumors, polyps, an enlarged prostate, or abscesses.[2] This examination may not be possible without appropriate sedation due to pain, although most internal hemorrhoids are not associated with pain.[3] Visual confirmation of internal hemorrhoids may require anoscopy, a hollow tube device with a light attached at one end.[5] There are two types of hemorrhoids: external and internal. These are differentiated by their position with respect to the dentate line.[3] Some persons may concurrently have symptomatic versions of both.[5] If pain is present the condition is more likely to be an anal fissure or an external hemorrhoid rather than an internal hemorrhoid.[5]
Internal
Internal hemorrhoids are those that originate above the dentate line.[7] They are covered by columnar epithelium which lacks pain receptors.[4] They were classified in 1985 into four grades based on the degree of prolapse.[3][4]
- Grade I: No prolapse. Just prominent blood vessels.[11]
- Grade II: Prolapse upon bearing down but spontaneously reduce.
- Grade III: Prolapse upon bearing down and requires manual reduction.
- Grade IV: Prolapsed and cannot be manually reduced.
External
A thrombosed external hemorrhoid
External hemorrhoids are those that occur below the dentate or pectinate line.[7] They are covered proximately by anoderm and distally by skin, both of which are sensitive to pain and temperature.[4]
Differential
Many anorectal problems, including fissures, fistulae, abscesses, colorectal cancer, rectal varices and itching have similar symptoms and may be incorrectly referred to as hemorrhoids.[3] Rectal bleeding may also occur due to colorectal cancer, colitis including inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, and angiodysplasia.[11] If anemia is present, other potential causes should be considered.[5]
Other conditions that produce an anal mass include: skin tags, anal warts, rectal prolapse, polyps and enlarged anal papillae.[5] Anorectal varices due to increased portal hypertension (blood pressure in the portal venous system) may present similar to hemorrhoids but are a different condition.[5]
Prevention
A number of preventative measures are recommended including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise.[5][12] Spending less time attempting to defecate, avoiding reading while on the toilet,[3] as well as losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended.[13]
Management
Conservative
Conservative treatment typically consists of nutrition rich in dietary fiber, uptake of oral fluids to maintain hydration, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s, sitz baths, and rest.[3] Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes,[14] and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of fiber supplements.[3][14] Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment however is lacking.[15] If they are used they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time.[4]
While many topical agents and suppositories are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids, there is little evidence to support their use.[3] Steroid containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days as they may cause thinning of the skin.[3] Most agents include a combination of active ingredients.[4] These may include: a barrier cream such as petroleum jelly or zinc oxide, an analgesic agent such as lidocaine, and a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine.[4] Flavonoids are of questionable benefit with potential side effects.[4][16] Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery.[17]
Procedures
A number of office based procedures may be performed. While generally safe, rare serious side effects such as perianal sepsis may occur.[11]
- Rubber band ligation is typically recommended as the first line treatment in those with grade 1 to 3 disease.[11] It is a procedure in which elastic bands are applied onto an internal hemorrhoid at least 1 cm above the dentate line to cut off its blood supply. Within 5–7 days, the withered hemorrhoid falls off. If the band is placed too close to the dentate line, intense pain results immediately afterwards.[3] Cure rate has been found to be about 87%[3] with a complication rate of up to 3%.[11]
- Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a sclerosing agent, such as phenol, into the hemorrhoid. This causes the vein walls to collapse and the hemorrhoids to shrivel up. The success rate four years after treatment is ~70%[3] which is higher than that with rubber band ligation.[11]
- A number of cauterization methods have been shown to be effective for hemorrhoids, but are usually only used when other methods fail. This procedure can be done using electrocautery, infrared radiation, laser surgery,[3] or cryosurgery.[18] Infrared cauterization may be an option for grade 1 or 2 disease.[11] In those with grade 3 or 4 disease re-occurrence rates are high.[11]
Surgery
A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail.[11] All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding, infection, anal strictures and urinary retention, due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder.[3] There may also be a small risk of fecal incontinence, particularly of liquid,[4][19] with rates reported between 0% and 28%.[20] Mucosal ectropion is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy (often together with anal stenosis).[21] This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus, similar to a very mild form of rectal prolapse.[21]
- Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases.[3] It is associated with significant post-operative pain and usually requires 2–4 weeks for recovery.[3] However, there is greater long term benefit in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation.[22] It is the recommended treatment in those with a thrombosed external hemorrhoid if carried out within 24–72 hours.[7][11] Glyceryl trinitrate ointment post procedure, helps both with pain and healing.[23]
- Doppler-guided, transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow. These arteries are then "tied off" and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position. It has a slightly higher recurrence rate, but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy.[3]
- Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, also known as stapled hemorrhoidopexy, is a procedure that involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue, followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomic position. It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids.[3] However, the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy[24] and thus it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease.[11]
Epidemiology
It is difficult to determine how common hemorrhoids are as many people with the condition do not see a healthcare provider.[6][9] However, it is believed that symptomatic hemorrhoids affect at least 50% of the US population at some time during their lives and around ~5% of the population is affected at any given time.[3] Both sexes experience approximately the same incidence of the condition[3] with rates peaking between 45 and 65 years.[5] They are more common in Caucasians[25] and those of higher socioeconomic status.[4] Long term outcomes are generally good, although some people may have recurrent symptomatic episodes.[6] Only a small proportion of persons end up needing surgery.[4]
History
11th-century English miniature. On the right is an operation to remove hemorrhoids.
The first known mention of this affliction is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus, which advises: “… Thou shouldest give a recipe, an ointment of great protection; Acacia leaves, ground, titurated and cooked together. Smear a strip of fine linen there -with and place in the anus, that he recovers immediately."[26] In 460 BC, the Hippocratic corpus discusses a treatment similar to modern rubber band ligation: “And hemorrhoids in like manner you may treat by transfixing them with a needle and tying them with very thick and woolen thread, for application, and do not forment until they drop off, and always leave one behind; and when the patient recovers, let him be put on a course of Hellebore.”[26] Hemorrhoids may have been described in the Bible.[5][27]
Celsus (25 BC – AD 14) described ligation and excision procedures, and discussed the possible complications.[28] Galen advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming that it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.[28] The Susruta Samhita, (4th – 5th century AD), similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.[26] In the 13th century, European surgeons such as Lanfranc of Milan, Guy de Chauliac, Henri de Mondeville and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.[28]
The first use of the word "hemorrhoid" in English occurs in 1398, derived from the Old French "emorroides", from Latin "hæmorrhoida -ae",[29] in turn from the Greek "αἱμορροΐς" (haimorrhois), "liable to discharge blood", from "αἷμα" (haima), "blood"[30] + "ῥόος" (rhoos), "stream, flow, current",[31] itself from "ῥέω" (rheo), "to flow, to stream".[32]
Notable cases
Hall-of-Fame baseball player George Brett was removed from a game in the 1980 World Series due to hemorrhoid pain. After undergoing minor surgery, Brett returned to play in the next game, quipping "...my problems are all behind me."[33] Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring.[34] Conservative political commentator Glenn Beck underwent surgery for hemorrhoids, subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 YouTube video.[35]
References
- ^ Chen, Herbert (2010). Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery. Berlin: Springer. p. 217. ISBN 1-84882-088-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Schubert, MC; Sridhar, S; Schade, RR; Wexner, SD (July 2009). "What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders". World J Gastroenterol 15 (26): 3201–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3201. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2710774. PMID 19598294.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Lorenzo-Rivero, S (August 2009). "Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and current management". Am Surg 75 (8): 635–42. PMID 19725283.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Beck, David (2011). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 174–177. ISBN 9781441915818.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kaidar-Person, O; Person, B; Wexner, SD (2007 Jan). "Hemorrhoidal disease: A comprehensive review". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 204 (1): 102–17. PMID 17189119.
- ^ a b c d e Davies, RJ (2006 Jun). "Haemorrhoids.". Clinical evidence (15): 711–24. PMID 16973032.
- ^ a b c d e Dayton, senior editor, Peter F. Lawrence; editors, Richard Bell, Merril T. (2006). Essentials of general surgery (4th ed. ed.). Philadelphia ;Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 329. ISBN 9780781750035.
- ^ Azimuddin, edited by Indru Khubchandani, Nina Paonessa, Khawaja (2009). Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84800-313-2.
- ^ a b Reese, GE; von Roon, AC; Tekkis, PP (2009 Jan 29). "Haemorrhoids.". Clinical evidence 2009. PMID 19445775.
- ^ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (November 2004). "Hemorrhoids". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rivadeneira, DE; Steele, SR; Ternent, C; Chalasani, S; Buie, WD; Rafferty, JL; Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal, Surgeons (2011 Sep). "Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010)". Diseases of the colon and rectum 54 (9): 1059–64. PMID 21825884.
- ^ Frank J Domino (2012). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013 (Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 572. ISBN 1-4511-3735-4.
- ^ Glass, [edited by] Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. Family practice guidelines (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 665. ISBN 9780826118127.
- ^ a b Alonso-Coello, P.; Guyatt, G. H.; Heels-Ansdell, D.; Johanson, J. F.; Lopez-Yarto, M.; Mills, E.; Zhuo, Q.; Alonso-Coello, Pablo (2005). "Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids". In Alonso-Coello, Pablo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD004649. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2. PMID 16235372.
- ^ Lang, DS; Tho, PC; Ang, EN (2011 Dec). "Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders". Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS 8 (2): 115–28. PMID 22117576.
- ^ Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. (August 2006). "Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids". Br J Surg 93 (8): 909–20. doi:10.1002/bjs.5378. PMID 16736537.
- ^ Quijano, CE; Abalos, E (2005 Jul 20). "Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD004077. PMID 16034920.
- ^ Misra, MC; Imlitemsu, (2005). "Drug treatment of haemorrhoids". Drugs 65 (11): 1481–91. PMID 16134260.
- ^ Pescatori, M; Gagliardi, G (2008 Mar). "Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures". Techniques in coloproctology 12 (1): 7–19. PMID 18512007.
- ^ Ommer, A; Wenger, FA; Rolfs, T; Walz, MK (2008 Nov). "Continence disorders after anal surgery--a relevant problem?". International journal of colorectal disease 23 (11): 1023–31. PMID 18629515.
- ^ a b Lagares-Garcia, JA; Nogueras, JJ (2002 Dec). "Anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion.". The Surgical clinics of North America 82 (6): 1225–31, vii. PMID 12516850.
- ^ Shanmugam, V; Thaha, MA; Rabindranath, KS; Campbell, KL; Steele, RJ; Loudon, MA (2005 Jul 20). "Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD005034. PMID 16034963.
- ^ Ratnasingham, K; Uzzaman, M; Andreani, SM; Light, D; Patel, B (2010). "Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing". International journal of surgery (London, England) 8 (8): 606–11. PMID 20691294.
- ^ Jayaraman, S; Colquhoun, PH; Malthaner, RA (2006 Oct 18). "Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD005393. PMID 17054255.
- ^ Christian Lynge, Dana; Weiss, Barry D. 20 Common Problems: Surgical Problems And Procedures In Primary Care. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-07-136002-9.
- ^ a b c Ellesmore, Windsor (2002). "Surgical History of Haemorrhoids". In Charles MV. Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids. London: Springer.
- ^ King James Bible. 1 Samuel 6 4.
- ^ a b c Agbo, SP (1 January 2011). "Surgical management of hemorrhoids". Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report 3 (2): 68. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.92797.
- ^ hæmorrhoida, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ αἷμα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ῥόος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ῥέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ Dick Kaegel (March 5, 2009). "Memories fill Kauffman Stadium". Major League Baseball.
- ^ "Brett in Hospital for Surgery". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 1, 1981.
- ^ "Glenn Beck: Put the 'Care' Back in Health Care". ABC Good Morning America. Jan. 8, 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hemorrhoids |
- Hemorrhoid at the Open Directory Project
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 痔核の治療 treatment of hemorrhoids
- 2. 痔核：臨床症状および診断 hemorrhoids clinical manifestations and diagnosis
- 3. Surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease
- 4. 患者情報：痔核（詳細） hemorrhoids beyond the basics
- 5. 産後ケアの概要 overview of postpartum care
English Journal
- Ligation under vision in the management of symptomatic hemorrhoids: A preliminary experience.
- Kara C1, Sozutek A2, Yaman I3, Yurekli S1, Karabuga T1.
- Asian journal of surgery / Asian Surgical Association.Asian J Surg.2015 Jan 3. pii: S1015-9584(14)00106-7. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2014.11.001. [Epub ahead of print]
- AIM: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of 47 patients who underwent hemorrhoidal arterial ligation under vision (LUV) for symptomatic Grade II and Grade III hemorrhoids.METHODS: A total of 47 patients who underwent LUV between May 2005 and February 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients we
- PMID 25560545
- New developments in colorectal surgery.
- Mathis KL1, Pemberton JH.
- Current opinion in gastroenterology.Curr Opin Gastroenterol.2015 Jan;31(1):62-8. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000138.
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Surgical management of diseases of the colon and rectum continues to evolve. This review examines the recent publications that have led to or may lead to changes in practice in this field.RECENT FINDINGS: We identified and reviewed the recent publications in the areas of colon, re
- PMID 25402549
- Myrtus communis L. as source of a bioactive and safe essential oil.
- Bouzabata A1, Cabral C2, Gonçalves MJ3, Cruz MT4, Bighelli A1, Cavaleiro C3, Casanova J1, Tomi F1, Salgueiro L5.
- Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.Food Chem Toxicol.2015 Jan;75:166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.009. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
- In Algeria, Myrtus communis L. is distributed throughout the Tell Atlas and the coastal regions of Algiers and Constantine. The leaves are used in respiratory disorders, diarrhea and hemorrhoids. The aims of this work were to evaluate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of well characteri
- PMID 25446467
Japanese Journal
- Haemorrhoid surgery revised
- BEATTIE GC
- Lancet 355, 1648, 2000
- NAID 30006128710
- 経膣分娩の肛門排便機能に及ぼす影響 -アンケート調査による-
- 澁澤 三喜,神山 剛一,角田 明良,草野 満夫,清水 幸子
- 日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 51(5), 276-283, 1998-05
- … It was suggested that haemorrhoid and faecal incontinence may occur and worsen after vaginal delivery and continue for a long time. …
- NAID 10005042469
- <no title>
- 〓 辛黎
- 日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 36(2), 143-144, 1983
- … New suture and ligation treatment (compression therapy) was developed in our hospital for the treatment of internal haemorrhoids and the 100 cases have been treated since May 1978 to August 1980.<BR>The theory of the method is that the blood vessels in the rectum are running longitudinally, so that, when a haemorrhoid is multiply tied in horizontal position, i. …
- NAID 130000782530
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- ウィキペディアの英語版でHaemorrhoidという用語が挙げてありますが、そこでは、以下の意味で使われています。Hemorrhoids (US English) or haemorrhoids UK /ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/, are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool ...
- hemorrhoidとは。意味や和訳。[名]((通例～s))痔(じ).hem・or・rhoi・dec・to・my[名]痔核切除. - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。
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