目次
WordNet
- surgical procedure for tying hemorrhoids and excising them (同)haemorrhoidectomy
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/30 17:14:02」(JST)
wiki en
| Hemorrhoids | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
|
Diagram demonstrating the anal anatomy of both internal and external hemorrhoids
|
|
| ICD-10 | I84 |
| ICD-9 | 455 |
| DiseasesDB | 10036 |
| MedlinePlus | 000292 |
| eMedicine | med/2821 emerg/242 |
| Patient UK | Hemorrhoid |
| MeSH | D006484 |
Hemorrhoids (US English) or haemorrhoids UK /ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/, are swollen vascular structures in the anal canal. [1][2] Normally they help with stool control. They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed. In their normal state, they act as a cushion composed of arterio-venous channels and connective tissue.
The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present. Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless rectal bleeding, while external hemorrhoids may produce few symptoms or if thrombosed significant pain and swelling in the area of the anus. Many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal-rectal area as "hemorrhoids" and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out.[4] While the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown, a number of factors which increase intra-abdominal pressure, in particular constipation, are believed to play a role in their development.
Initial treatment for mild to moderate disease consists of increasing fiber intake, oral fluids to maintain hydration, NSAIDs to help with pain, and rest. A number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures. Up to half of people may experience problems with hemorrhoids at some point in their lives. Outcomes are usually good.
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 1.1 External
- 1.2 Internal
- 2 Causes
- 3 Pathophysiology
- 4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Internal
- 4.2 External
- 4.3 Differential
- 5 Prevention
- 6 Management
- 6.1 Conservative
- 6.2 Procedures
- 6.3 Surgery
- 7 Epidemiology
- 8 History
- 9 Notable cases
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Signs and symptoms
External hemorrhoid as seen around the human anus
Internal and external hemorrhoids may present differently; however, many people may have a combination of the two.[2] Bleeding significant enough to cause anemia is rare,[5] and life-threatening bleeding is even more uncommon.[6] Many people feel embarrassed when facing the problem[5] and frequently seek medical care only when the case is advanced.[2]
External
If not thrombosed, external hemorrhoids may cause few problems.[7] However, when thrombosed, hemorrhoids may be very painful.[2][3] Nevertheless, this pain typically resolves in 2–3 days.[5] The swelling may, however, take a few weeks to disappear.[5] A skin tag may remain after healing.[2] If hemorrhoids are large and cause issues with hygiene, they may produce irritation of the surrounding skin, and thus itchiness around the anus.[7]
Internal
Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless, bright red rectal bleeding during or following a bowel movement.[2] The blood typically covers the stool (a condition known as hematochezia), is on the toilet paper, or drips into the toilet bowl.[2] The stool itself is usually normally coloured.[2] Other symptoms may include mucous discharge, a perianal mass if they prolapse through the anus, itchiness, and fecal incontinence.[6][8] Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or necrotic.[2]
Causes
The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown.[9] A number of factors are believed to play a role, including: irregular bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increased intra-abdominal pressure (prolonged straining, ascites, an intra-abdominal mass, or pregnancy), genetics, an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins, and aging.[3][5] Other factors believed to increase risk include obesity, prolonged sitting,[2] a chronic cough, and pelvic floor dysfunction.[4] Evidence for these associations, however, is poor.[4]
During pregnancy, pressure from the fetus on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. The birth of the baby also leads to increased intra-abdominal pressures.[10] Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment, as symptoms usually resolve after delivery.[3]
Pathophysiology
Hemorrhoid cushions are a part of normal human anatomy and become a pathological disease only when they experience abnormal changes.[2] There are three main cushions present in the normal anal canal.[3] These are located classically at left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior positions.[5] They are composed of neither arteries nor veins, but blood vessels called sinusoids, connective tissue, and smooth muscle.[4] Sinusoids do not have muscle tissue in their walls, as veins do.[2] This set of blood vessels is known as the hemorrhoidal plexus.[4]
Hemorrhoid cushions are important for continence. They contribute to 15–20% of anal closure pressure at rest and protect the anal sphincter muscles during the passage of stool.[2] When a person bears down, the intra-abdominal pressure grows, and hemorrhoid cushions increase in size helping to maintain the anus closed.[5] Hemorrhoid symptoms are believed to result when these vascular structures slide downwards or when venous pressure is excessively increased.[6] Increased anal sphincter pressure may also be involved in hemorrhoid symptoms.[5] Two types of hemorrhoids occur: internals from the superior hemorrhoidal plexus and externals from the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus.[5] The dentate line divides the two regions.[5]
Diagnosis
| Grade | Diagram | Picture |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| 4 |
Hemorrhoids are typically diagnosed by physical examination.[11] A visual examination of the anus and surrounding area may diagnose external or prolapsed hemorrhoids.[2] A rectal exam may be performed to detect possible rectal tumors, polyps, an enlarged prostate, or abscesses.[2] This examination may not be possible without appropriate sedation because of pain, although most internal hemorrhoids are not associated with pain.[3] Visual confirmation of internal hemorrhoids may require anoscopy, insertion of a hollow tube device with a light attached at one end.[5] The two types of hemorrhoids are external and internal. These are differentiated by their position with respect to the dentate line.[3] Some persons may concurrently have symptomatic versions of both.[5] If pain is present, the condition is more likely to be an anal fissure or an external hemorrhoid rather than an internal hemorrhoid.[5]
Internal
Internal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line.[7] They are covered by columnar epithelium, which lacks pain receptors.[4] They were classified in 1985 into four grades based on the degree of prolapse:[3][4]
- Grade I: No prolapse, just prominent blood vessels[11]
- Grade II: Prolapse upon bearing down, but spontaneous reduction
- Grade III: Prolapse upon bearing down requiring manual reduction
- Grade IV: Prolapse with inability to be manually reduced.
External
A thrombosed external hemorrhoid
External hemorrhoids occur below the dentate or pectinate line.[7] They are covered proximally by anoderm and distally by skin, both of which are sensitive to pain and temperature.[4]
Differential
Many anorectal problems, including fissures, fistulae, abscesses, colorectal cancer, rectal varices, and itching have similar symptoms and may be incorrectly referred to as hemorrhoids.[3] Rectal bleeding may also occur owing to colorectal cancer, colitis including inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, and angiodysplasia.[11] If anemia is present, other potential causes should be considered.[5]
Other conditions that produce an anal mass include: skin tags, anal warts, rectal prolapse, polyps, and enlarged anal papillae.[5] Anorectal varices due to increased portal hypertension (blood pressure in the portal venous system) may present similar to hemorrhoids but are a different condition.[5]
Prevention
A number of preventative measures are recommended, including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise.[5][12] Spending less time attempting to defecate, avoiding reading while on the toilet,[3] and losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended.[13]
Management
Conservative
Conservative treatment typically consists of foods rich in dietary fiber, intake of oral fluids to maintain hydration, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sitz baths, and rest.[3] Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes[14] and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of fiber supplements.[3][14] Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment, however, is lacking.[15] If they are used, they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time.[4]
While many topical agents and suppositories are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids, little evidence supports their use.[3] Steroid-containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days, as they may cause thinning of the skin.[3] Most agents include a combination of active ingredients.[4] These may include a barrier cream such as petroleum jelly or zinc oxide, an analgesic agent such as lidocaine, and a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine.[4] Some contain Balsam of Peru to which certain people may be allergic.[16][17]
Flavonoids are of questionable benefit, with potential side effects.[4][18] Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery.[19]
Procedures
A number of office-based procedures may be performed. While generally safe, rare serious side effects such as perianal sepsis may occur.[11]
- Rubber band ligation is typically recommended as the first-line treatment in those with grade 1 to 3 disease.[11] It is a procedure in which elastic bands are applied onto an internal hemorrhoid at least 1 cm above the dentate line to cut off its blood supply. Within 5–7 days, the withered hemorrhoid falls off. If the band is placed too close to the dentate line, intense pain results immediately afterwards.[3] Cure rate has been found to be about 87%[3] with a complication rate of up to 3%.[11]
- Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a sclerosing agent, such as phenol, into the hemorrhoid. This causes the vein walls to collapse and the hemorrhoids to shrivel up. The success rate four years after treatment is about 70%.[3]
- A number of cauterization methods have been shown to be effective for hemorrhoids, but are usually only used when other methods fail. This procedure can be done using electrocautery, infrared radiation, laser surgery,[3] or cryosurgery.[20] Infrared cauterization may be an option for grade 1 or 2 disease.[11] In those with grade 3 or 4 disease, reoccurrence rates are high.[11]
Surgery
A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail.[11] All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding, infection, anal strictures and urinary retention, due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder.[3] Also, a small risk of fecal incontinence occurs, particularly of liquid,[4][21] with rates reported between 0% and 28%.[22] Mucosal ectropion is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy (often together with anal stenosis).[23] This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus, similar to a very mild form of rectal prolapse.[23]
- Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases.[3] It is associated with significant postoperative pain and usually requires 2–4 weeks for recovery.[3] However, the long-term benefit is greater in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation.[24] It is the recommended treatment in those with a thrombosed external hemorrhoid if carried out within 24–72 hours.[7][11] Glyceryl trinitrate ointment after the procedure helps both with pain and healing.[25]
- Doppler-guided, transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow. These arteries are then "tied off" and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position. It has a slightly higher recurrence rate, but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy.[3]
- Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, also known as stapled hemorrhoidopexy, involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue, followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomical position. It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids.[3] However, the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy,[26] so it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease.[11]
Epidemiology
It is difficult to determine how common hemorrhoids are as many people with the condition do not see a healthcare provider.[6][9] However, symptomatic hemorrhoids are thought to affect at least 50% of the US population at some time during their lives, and around 5% of the population is affected at any given time.[3] Both sexes experience about the same incidence of the condition,[3] with rates peaking between 45 and 65 years.[5] They are more common in Caucasians[27] and those of higher socioeconomic status.[4]
Long-term outcomes are generally good, though some people may have recurrent symptomatic episodes.[6] Only a small proportion of persons end up needing surgery.[4]
History
An 11th-century English miniature: On the right is an operation to remove hemorrhoids.
The first known mention of this affliction is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus, which advises: “… Thou shouldest give a recipe, an ointment of great protection; acacia leaves, ground, titurated and cooked together. Smear a strip of fine linen there-with and place in the anus, that he recovers immediately."[28] In 460 BC, the Hippocratic corpus discusses a treatment similar to modern rubber band ligation: “And hemorrhoids in like manner you may treat by transfixing them with a needle and tying them with very thick and woolen thread, for application, and do not forment until they drop off, and always leave one behind; and when the patient recovers, let him be put on a course of Hellebore.”[28] Hemorrhoids may have been described in the Bible, sometimes using the obsolete spelling "emerods".[5]
Celsus (25 BC – AD 14) described ligation and excision procedures, and discussed the possible complications.[29] Galen advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.[29] The Susruta Samhita, (fourth – fifth century AD), is similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.[28] In the 13th century, European surgeons such as Lanfranc of Milan, Guy de Chauliac, Henri de Mondeville, and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.[29]
In medieval times, hemorrhoids were also known as Saint Fiacre's curse after a sixth-century saint who developed them following tilling the soil.[30] The first use of the word "hemorrhoid" in English occurs in 1398, derived from the Old French "emorroides", from Latin hæmorrhoida,[31] in turn from the Greek αἱμορροΐς (haimorrhois), "liable to discharge blood", from αἷμα (haima), "blood"[32] and ῥόος (rhoos), "stream, flow, current",[33] itself from ῥέω (rheo), "to flow, to stream".[34]
Notable cases
Hall-of-Fame baseball player George Brett was removed from a game in the 1980 World Series due to hemorrhoid pain. After undergoing minor surgery, Brett returned to play in the next game, quipping "...my problems are all behind me."[35] Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring.[36] Conservative political commentator Glenn Beck underwent surgery for hemorrhoids, subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 YouTube video.[37][38] Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter had surgery for hemorrhoids in 1984.[39]
References
- ^ Chen, Herbert (2010). Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery. Berlin: Springer. p. 217. ISBN 1-84882-088-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Schubert, MC; Sridhar, S; Schade, RR; Wexner, SD (July 2009). "What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders". World J Gastroenterol 15 (26): 3201–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3201. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2710774. PMID 19598294.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Lorenzo-Rivero, S (August 2009). "Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and current management". Am Surg 75 (8): 635–42. PMID 19725283.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Beck, David (2011). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 174–177. ISBN 9781441915818.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kaidar-Person, O; Person, B; Wexner, SD (January 2007). "Hemorrhoidal disease: A comprehensive review". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 204 (1): 102–17. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.022. PMID 17189119.
- ^ a b c d e Davies, RJ (June 2006). "Haemorrhoids.". Clinical evidence (15): 711–24. PMID 16973032.
- ^ a b c d e Dayton, senior editor, Peter F. Lawrence; editors, Richard Bell, Merril T. (2006). Essentials of general surgery (4th ed. ed.). Philadelphia ;Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 329. ISBN 9780781750035.
- ^ Azimuddin, edited by Indru Khubchandani, Nina Paonessa, Khawaja (2009). Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84800-313-2.
- ^ a b Reese, GE; von Roon, AC; Tekkis, PP (Jan 29, 2009). "Haemorrhoids.". Clinical evidence 2009. PMC 2907769. PMID 19445775. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (November 2004). "Hemorrhoids". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rivadeneira, DE; Steele, SR; Ternent, C; Chalasani, S; Buie, WD; Rafferty, JL; Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal, Surgeons (September 2011). "Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010)". Diseases of the colon and rectum 54 (9): 1059–64. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e318225513d. PMID 21825884.
- ^ Frank J Domino (2012). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013 (Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 572. ISBN 1-4511-3735-4.
- ^ Glass, [edited by] Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. Family practice guidelines (2nd ed. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 665. ISBN 9780826118127.
- ^ a b Alonso-Coello, P.; Guyatt, G. H.; Heels-Ansdell, D.; Johanson, J. F.; Lopez-Yarto, M.; Mills, E.; Zhuo, Q.; Alonso-Coello, Pablo (2005). Alonso-Coello, Pablo, ed. "Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD004649. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2. PMID 16235372.
- ^ Lang, DS; Tho, PC; Ang, EN (December 2011). "Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders". Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS 8 (2): 115–28. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x. PMID 22117576.
- ^ "Balsam of Peru contact allergy". Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery: Second Edition. 2011. ISBN 9781441915818.
- ^ Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. (August 2006). "Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids". Br J Surg 93 (8): 909–20. doi:10.1002/bjs.5378. PMID 16736537.
- ^ Quijano, CE; Abalos, E (Jul 20, 2005). "Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD004077. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2. PMID 16034920.
- ^ Misra, MC; Imlitemsu, (2005). "Drug treatment of haemorrhoids". Drugs 65 (11): 1481–91. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565110-00003. PMID 16134260.
- ^ Pescatori, M; Gagliardi, G (March 2008). "Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures". Techniques in coloproctology 12 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1007/s10151-008-0391-0. PMC 2778725. PMID 18512007.
- ^ Ommer, A; Wenger, FA; Rolfs, T; Walz, MK (November 2008). "Continence disorders after anal surgery—a relevant problem?". International journal of colorectal disease 23 (11): 1023–31. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0524-y. PMID 18629515.
- ^ a b Lagares-Garcia, JA; Nogueras, JJ (December 2002). "Anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion.". The Surgical clinics of North America 82 (6): 1225–31, vii. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(02)00081-6. PMID 12516850.
- ^ Shanmugam, V; Thaha, MA; Rabindranath, KS; Campbell, KL; Steele, RJ; Loudon, MA (Jul 20, 2005). "Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD005034. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005034.pub2. PMID 16034963.
- ^ Ratnasingham, K; Uzzaman, M; Andreani, SM; Light, D; Patel, B (2010). "Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing". International journal of surgery (London, England) 8 (8): 606–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.012. PMID 20691294.
- ^ Jayaraman, S; Colquhoun, PH; Malthaner, RA (Oct 18, 2006). "Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD005393. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005393.pub2. PMID 17054255.
- ^ Christian Lynge, Dana; Weiss, Barry D. 20 Common Problems: Surgical Problems And Procedures In Primary Care. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-07-136002-9.
- ^ a b c Ellesmore, Windsor (2002). "Surgical History of Haemorrhoids". In Charles MV. Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids. London: Springer.
- ^ a b c Agbo, SP (1 January 2011). "Surgical management of hemorrhoids". Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report 3 (2): 68. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.92797.
- ^ Cataldo, Peter (2005). "Hemorrhoids". Arlington Heights, IL: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ hæmorrhoida, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ αἷμα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ῥόος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ῥέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ Dick Kaegel (March 5, 2009). "Memories fill Kauffman Stadium". Major League Baseball.
- ^ "Brett in Hospital for Surgery". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 1, 1981.
- ^ "Glenn Beck: Put the 'Care' Back in Health Care". ABC Good Morning America. Jan 8, 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ^ "Beck From the Dead". YouTube (Mr·Beck speaking from home shortly after hospital). GlennBeckVideos.
- ^ "Carter Leaves Hospital". The New York Times. January 19, 1984. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemorrhoids. |
- Hemorrhoid at DMOZ
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 痔疾患の外科的治療 surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease
- 2. 家庭や診療所で行う痔核の治療 home and office treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids
- 3. 成人への麻酔導入時の気道確保に用いる声門上器具（ラリンジアルマスクなど） supraglottic devices including laryngeal mask airways for airway management for anesthesia in adults
- 4. クローン病の肛門合併症 perianal complications of crohn disease
- 5. 妊娠への母体の適応：消化管 maternal adaptations to pregnancy gastrointestinal tract
English Journal
- Approach to hemorrhoids.
- Lohsiriwat V.SourceDivision of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand, bolloon@hotmail.com.
- Current gastroenterology reports.Curr Gastroenterol Rep.2013 Jul;15(7):332. doi: 10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6.
- Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal disorder defined as the symptomatic enlargement and abnormally downward displacement of anal cushions. The current pathophysiologies of hemorrhoids include the degenerative change of supportive tissue within the anal cushions, vascular hyperplasia, and hyperpe
- PMID 23715885
- Functional and structural abnormalities after milligan hemorrhoidectomy: a comparison with healthy subjects.
- Johannsson HO, Påhlman L, Graf W.Source1 Department of Surgery, Falu Central Hospital, Center for Clinical Research, Falun, Sweden 2 Institution of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Diseases of the colon and rectum.Dis Colon Rectum.2013 Jul;56(7):903-8. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e31828deb6d.
- BACKGROUND: : Fecal incontinence is a rare but well-known adverse effect of hemorrhoidectomy.OBJECTIVE: : The objective of this study was to identify possible reasons for incontinence after hemorrhoidectomy.DESIGN: : We conducted a retrospective comparative study.SETTINGS: : The study was performed
- PMID 23739198
- Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus milligan-morgan hemorrhoidectomy in circumferential third-degree hemorrhoids: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial.
- Kim JS, Vashist YK, Thieltges S, Zehler O, Gawad KA, Yekebas EF, Izbicki JR, Kutup A.SourceDepartment of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.J Gastrointest Surg.2013 Jul;17(7):1292-8. doi: 10.1007/s11605-013-2220-7. Epub 2013 May 14.
- BACKGROUND: The literature indicates higher recurrence rates for stapled hemorrhoidopexy than for conventional techniques. This could be due to inappropriate patient selection.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcome after stapled hemorrhoidopexy compared wit
- PMID 23670518
Japanese Journal
- 当院における Vessel sealing system を用いた痔核手術の検討
- 日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 60(6), 338-341, 2007-06-10
- NAID 10019536566
- 痔核術後とう痛に対する硬膜外鎮痛法の評価：使用薬剤と投与方法
- 日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 58(2), 112-117, 2005
- NAID 130000787608
- Vessel Sealing System を用いた痔核手術
- 日本外科系連合学会誌 29(5), 854-856, 2004-10-30
- NAID 10013764179
Related Links
- Haemorrhoidectomy definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up now! Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by ...
- haemorrhoidectomy. See hemorrhoidectomy. hem·or·rhoid·ec·to·my (hem'ŏr-oy-dek'tŏ-mē) Surgical removal of hemorrhoids; usually accomplished by excision of hemorrhoidal tissues by sharp dissection, or by application of elastic ...
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